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Criminology > Criminology Final > Flashcards

Criminology Final Flashcards

1
Q

moral panic

A

media channels put attention towards particular sorts of immoral criminal bevahior

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2
Q

mala in se

A

acts that are inherently wrong or universally recognized as criminal, like murder or theft.

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3
Q

mala prohibita

A

Actions that are illegal because they are prohibited by law but may not be inherently wrong, such as traffic violations or drug possession.

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4
Q

mens rea

A

The mental intention or knowledge behind committing a crime, showing a person’s criminal intent.

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5
Q

actus reus

A

The physical act or conduct that constitutes a criminal offense.

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6
Q

intent

A

The purpose or state of mind behind committing an act, often crucial in determining the severity of a crime.

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7
Q

duress

A

Coercion or threat of harm that forces someone to commit a crime they wouldn’t have otherwise done.

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8
Q

justifiable homicide

A

Killing someone without criminal intent, usually in self-defense or to prevent a greater harm.

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9
Q

entrapment

A

When law enforcement induces someone to commit a crime they wouldn’t have committed otherwise.

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10
Q

insanity

A

Mental incapacity at the time of the crime, affecting one’s ability to understand the nature and consequences of their actions.

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11
Q

criminalization

A

The process of making an action or behavior illegal under the law.

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12
Q

conduct norms

A

Socially accepted behaviors that guide how individuals should act within a society.

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13
Q

Social Harm/Social Injury

A

The adverse impacts or damage caused to society or individuals due to criminal behavior or actions that violate societal norms.

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14
Q

myths of criminology

A

Criminality is objective
Violent criminals are the only recipients of policing
violence
The threat of punishment reduces incentive to commit
violent crime

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15
Q

types of robbery

A

armed, strong-armed

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16
Q

larceny boosters

A

people who steal products intending to resell them

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17
Q

larceny snitches

A

individuals who provide information specifically about larceny or theft-related crimes to law enforcement agencies

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18
Q

burglary

A

Illegally entering a building or property with the intent to commit theft or another crime inside.

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19
Q

shoplifting

A

Taking items from a store without paying for them.

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20
Q

carjacking

A

Stealing a car by using force or threats against the driver.

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21
Q

joyriding

A

taking or driving a car without permission, often for temporary use or pleasure, without intending to keep it permanently

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22
Q

fencing

A

Selling or trading stolen goods, often to a buyer who knows the items are stolen, to make a profit.

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23
Q

types of arson

A

crime concealment, revenge, stop loss, elimination of competitor, vandalism

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24
Q

types of murder

A

by degree, mass murder

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25
Q

voluntary manslaughter

A

heat-of-the-moment action resulting in unintended harm

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26
Q

involuntary manslaughter

A

intentionally causes harm in the heat of the moment, without planning it beforehand

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27
Q

victim precipitation

A

when actions or behavior of the victim contribute to a criminal act against themselves

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28
Q

aggravated assault

A

serious attack that involves using a weapon or causing severe injury

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29
Q

hate crimes

A

harmful acts committed against someone based on their race, religion, gender, sexual orientation

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30
Q

sexual coercion

A

someone forces another person into sexual activities

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31
Q

social coercion

A

someone feels compelled to conform to certain social norms

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32
Q

interpersonal coercion

A

one person using their power over another person to make them do something they wouldn’t normally do

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33
Q

“wife rape” history

A

society began to recognize that non-consensual sexual acts within marriage were forms of sexual violence

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34
Q

FOUR TYPES OF INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE

A

common couple, patriarchal terrorism, mutual violent control, violent resistance

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35
Q

FOUR TYPES OF CHILD ABUSE

A

physical, emotional, sexual, neglect

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36
Q

4 TYPES OF workplace VIOLENCE

A

criminal intent, customer-client, worker-on-worker, personal relationship

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37
Q

probation recitivism

A

someone who was on probation, ends up getting in trouble with the law again

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38
Q

radicalization

A

someone undergoes a process of adopting extreme beliefs or ideas

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39
Q

radical ideology vs. radical action

A

while someone might have radical ideas, radical action involves carrying out behaviors or activities that follow the extreme beliefs

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40
Q

pipelines

A

systems which information or resources move from one place to another in a continuous flow

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41
Q

red pill

A

accepting a harsh truth, even if it challenges conventional beliefs or societal norms

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42
Q

radical opinion pyramid

A

no support, sympathy, justification, personal moral obligation

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43
Q

radical action pyramid

A

inert, legal activism, illegal radicalism, terrorist

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44
Q

agential radicalization

A

individual becomes increasingly committed in radical actions due to active involvement

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45
Q

check fraud

A

forging signatures, altering amounts, or using fake checks

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46
Q

credit card fraud

A

using someone else’s credit card information

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47
Q

tax fraud

A

avoidance, evasion

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48
Q

occupational fraud

A

embezzlement, theft, or manipulating financial records for personal gain.

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49
Q

physician fraud

A

billing for services not provided, overcharging, or submitting false claims to insurance companies.

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50
Q

deceptive advertising

A

exaggerated claims, false information, or hiding important details about a product or service

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51
Q

white collar crime

A

non-violent, financially motivated illegal activities

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52
Q

occupational crime

A

illegal activities committed by individuals within their workplace

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53
Q

corporate crime

A

illegal actions or offenses committed by a corporation

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54
Q

occupational theft

A

Any form of theft that occurs within the workplace

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55
Q

examples of employee theft

A

stealing, dealing, fiddling

56
Q

hawks

A

employees who closely watch for opportunities to exploit for personal gain

57
Q

donkeys

A

employees who do their work honestly and ethically

58
Q

wolves

A

employees who engage in fraudulent activities

59
Q

vultures

A

employees who prey on vulnerabilities to commit fraud

60
Q

corporate theft

A

theft carried out by a corporation at the expense of customers

61
Q

pilfering rights

A

Taking small amounts of little value from an employer

62
Q

price fixing

A

conspiring with competitors to set prices for products or services eliminating competition and controlling the market

63
Q

most common “cause” of employee theft

A

debt or personal financial problems

64
Q

inventory shrinkage

A

loss of inventory due to theft or damage

65
Q

embezzlement

A

when an employee takes money entrusted to them over a period of time for personal use.

66
Q

collective embezzlement (land flips)

A

practice of rapidly buying and selling properties with inflated prices

67
Q

collective embezzlement (nominee loans)

A

using a third party to obtain a loan on behalf of another person or entity

68
Q

collective embezzlement (reciprocal lending)

A

when two parties agree to provide loans or financial assistance to each other, thereby misleading financial records

69
Q

collective embezzlement (linked financing)

A

connected loans or financial transactions among various parties, to create an illusion of a legitimate business

70
Q

collective embezzlement (insider trading)

A

buying or selling stocks based on non-public information about a company

71
Q

collective embezzlement (ponzi scheme)

A

fraudulent investment scams that promise high returns to investors from a nonexistent business

72
Q

corporate violence

A

unsafe working conditions

73
Q

dumping

A

exporting goods to another country at prices significantly lower than their production cost

74
Q

civil disobedience

A

nonviolent refusal to obey certain laws of a government

75
Q

political bribery

A

when someone offers something of value to influence the actions of a politician

76
Q

election fraud

A

ballot tampering, vote-buying, falsifying election results

77
Q

panopticon

A

Bentham. building where a central observation point allows someone to watch everyone. metaphor for surveillance and social control

78
Q

positivism

A

belief that knowledge comes from observable facts rather than speculation

79
Q

phrenology

A

belief that suggests you can understand a person’s character, abilities, and personality traits by examining the shape of their head

80
Q

atavism

A

certain individuals might display traits or characteristics that are more common in earlier stages of human development. Lombroso

81
Q

Eugenics

A

improving the human species by controlling breeding to encourage desirable traits and discourage undesirable ones

82
Q

born criminal

A

lombroso. biologically predisposed to criminal behavior due to atavistic traits

83
Q

rational choice theory

A

individuals make decisions by weighing the costs and benefits to maximize their own advantages. Beccaria

84
Q

utilitarian calculus

A

Bentham. individuals make decisions based on calculation of pleasure vs. pain

85
Q

deterrence theory

A

threat of punishment can prevent people from committing crimes

86
Q

penitentiary

A

place for imprisonment and reform rather than just punishment

87
Q

drapetomania

A

used to describe a supposed mental illness that caused enslaved people to flee captivity. Cartwright

88
Q

Fugitive Slave Act

A

escaped slaves be returned to their owners, even if they were found in free states

89
Q

scapegoating

A

unfairly blaming a particular individual/group for an issue, blaming someone that may not be accountable.

90
Q

hysteria

A

belief that certain behaviors, often emtional or irrational, were attributed to a disorder

91
Q

moral insanity

A

terms used to describe a condition where individuals exhibited antisocial or criminal behavior without showoing signs of mental illness

92
Q

anomie (durkheim)

A

state of societal instability where individuals feel disconnected from the usual social norms and values which can lead to higher crime rates

93
Q

social solidarity/social cohesion (durkheim)

A

bonds and connections between individuals within a society.

94
Q

suicide (durkheim)

A

social factors, such as levels of social integration or regulation can influence suicide rates within a society

95
Q

crime as normal/useful (durkheim)

A

viewed crime as a normal aspect of all societies, suggesting that it serves functional purposes. necessary for social change

96
Q

merton’s top 5 modes of adaptation (strain theory)

A

conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion

97
Q

conformity (strain theory)

A

conform to societal norms without resorting to deviance

98
Q

innovation (strain theory)

A

people accept societal goals but use unconventional means to achieve them (resorting to crime)

99
Q

ritualism (strain theory)

A

individuals abandon the pursuit of societal goals but continue to strictly adhere to accepted means

100
Q

retreatism (strain theory)

A

individuals reject both societal goals and legitimate means to achieve them

101
Q

rebellion (strain theory)

A

reject both goals and means of society and replace them with alternative goals and means

102
Q

juvenile delinquency (chicago school)

A

how social disorganization and environment in urban areas could contribute to delinquent behavior among young people

103
Q

geospatial concentrations of crime (chicago school)

A

used mapping and spatial analysis to show that crime was not randomly distributed but concentrated in specific areas. Burgess

104
Q

delinquent subcultures (chicago school)

A

explored how delinquent subcultures emerged in urban areas, where individuals developed their own values, norms, and behaviors. Cohen

105
Q

subculture (chicago school)

A

different groups within society develop distinct subcultural norms and values

106
Q

Chicago School scholars

A

Burgess, Shaw, Cohen

107
Q

labeling theory

A

society labels individuals as deviant can influence their behavior

108
Q

societal reaction (labeling theory)

A

how society responds to behavior that is considered deviant

109
Q

stigma (labeling theory)

A

negative social perception attached to individuals who are labeled as deviant. can lead to social rejection or discrimination

110
Q

social meaning (labeling theory)

A

shared understanding within society regarding what is considered deviant

111
Q

social learning theory

A

suggests that people learn behaviors and attitudes by observing and imitating others within their environment

112
Q

theory of differential association (social learning theory)

A

Sutherland. emphasizes that individuals learn deviant or criminal behaviors through interactions and associations they ahve with others

113
Q

social disorganization (social learning theory)

A

certain social factors, such as poverty, lack of social cohesion, and rapid urbanization contribute to higher crime rates.

114
Q

reinforcement (social learning theory)

A

responses to a behavior that influence the likelihood of that behavior recurring (positive reinforcement: rewarding, negative reinforcement: unpleasant consequence)

115
Q

social control theory

A

people’s adherence to societal norms and rules is influenced by social bonds they form

116
Q

four factors of societal bonding (social control theory)

A

attachment, commitment, involvement, belief

117
Q

attachment (social control theory)

A

emotional connection and close relationships individuals have with others which serve as deterrent to deviant behavior

118
Q

self-control theories (social control theory)

A

Gottfredson and Hirschi suggest that low self-control is a key factor leading to delinquency and criminal behavior

119
Q

means of production (marx)

A

control over means of production (manging resources) influences societal power structure and class relationships

120
Q

historical materialsim (marx)

A

historical development is driven by changes in material conditions of society.

121
Q

proletariat (marx)

A

marx theory, refers to working class who do not own the means of production and must sell their labor to capitalists to survive

122
Q

bourgeoisie (marx)

A

refers to capitalist class who own and control means of production in society

123
Q

demoralization (marx)

A

loss of morale experienced by the working class

124
Q

class conflict (marx)

A

societies are characterized by an inherent conflict between social classes

125
Q

conflict theory

A

look at society as a place of constant struggle and competition for resources, power, and social status. Marx

126
Q

consensus theory (conflict theory)

A

idea that society is built on shared norms, values, and beliefs. opposite of conflict theory

127
Q

the criminalization of poverty

A

individuals facing poverty or economic hardship are more likely to be targeted or impacted by criminal justice system

128
Q

mandatory minimum sentencing

A

requires a minimum sentence for certain crimes, typically established by law

129
Q

broken window policing

A

focuses on addressing minor crimes and disorderly behavior in an effort to prevent more serious crimes

130
Q

tough on crime politics

A

political approaches and policies that prioritize harsh measures against criminal activity

131
Q

reform, defund, vs. abolish

A

reform: making changes to existing systems
defund: reallocating funds from law enforcement budgets to other community services
abolish: complete dismantling of certain systems

132
Q

18th century theorists

A

Beccaria, Bentham

133
Q

19th century theorists

A

Quetelet, Lombroso, Durkheim, Tarde, Marx

134
Q

20th Century theorists

A

Sutherland, Shaw & Mckay, AK Cohen, Burgess & Akers, Skinner, Bandura, Sellin, Void, Quinney, Stanley Cohen, Cloward & Ohlin

135
Q

21st Century theorists

A

Eberhardt, McDonald

Criminology (1 decks)

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