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Criminology > Criminology Exam #2 > Flashcards

Criminology Exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a theory

A

-Helps us understand and explain crime causation
-make sense of seemingly unrelated facts
-Testable ideas
- Do not lead to the key explanation of criminal behavior
-Constantly evolving

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2
Q

Demonological Theory

A

-Supernatural explanations of criminality
- dominated early expansions of crime in the early 18th century

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3
Q

Anomie Theories

A

Anomie: Normalness in a society
- lack of clear-cut noms with which to guide human conduct
- Social trends in modern urban - industrial societies result in changing norms.
-Lessened social control over the individual

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4
Q

Subculture

A

Subdivisión within the dominant culture that has its own norms, beliefs, and values

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5
Q

When do subcultures emerge

A

When people in similar circumstances:
- Find themselves isolated from the mainstream
- Band together for mutual support

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6
Q

Subcultures of delinquency and crime

A

Emerge from response to speak Al problems that members of the dominant culture do not face

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7
Q

Strain

A

Explain why delinquent subcultures emerge

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8
Q

Social Disorganization

A

Take a particular form

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9
Q

Differential Association

A

How they are passed from one generation to another

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10
Q

Cohens Subculture Theoru

A

Middle-Class Measuring Rod
- Delinquent subcultures emerge in the slum areas of large American cities
- Rooted in class differentials in parent aspirations, child-rearing practices, and classroom standards
- Environment where a young person is raised in determines the problems faced

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11
Q

Cohens Theory (Schools and how the present a problem )

A
  • Lower class children fall short of the standards they must meet if they want to compete successfully with middle class children
  • Lower class children experience status frustration and strain, to which they adopt one of three things (Corner boy, college boy, or delinquent boy)
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12
Q

What is a corner boy

A

Hangs out in the neighborhood pier group
- Most lower class boys become corner boys
- Eventually, they get menial jobs and live a conventional life style

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13
Q

What are college boys

A

-Strive to live up to middle-class standards
- Chances of success are limited because of academic and social hardships

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14
Q

What are Delinquent Boys

A
  • Band together to form a subculture in which they can define status in ways that seem attainable
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15
Q

When was the differential opportunity theory established

A

1960

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16
Q

What is the differential opportunity theory

A
  • Suggest that lower class delinquents remain goal-oriented
  • Delinquent behavior committed is determined by the illegitimate opportunities available
17
Q

Who established the differential opportunity theory

A

Richard coward and Lloyd ohlin

18
Q

Who developed the social control and drift theory

A

David Matza

19
Q

What is social control and drift

A

Juveniles feel morally obligated to be bound by the law but may drift into a period between convention and crime
- Exist in a limbo between convention and crime

20
Q

What are developmental Theories

A

Help explain the onset continuance, escalation, de-escalation.

  • They consider each phase of life in relation to the life span of the offender
21
Q

What is an Integrated Theory

A

Combination of criminological theories with a number of social controls

22
Q

Who established the general theory

A

Travis Hirschi Gottfredson

23
Q

What is the general theory

A
  • Designed to explain an individuals prosperity to commit crime
  • states that crime is a function of poor self-control
  • Offenders have little control over their behaviors and desires
  • Inadequate socialization and poor child-rearing practices, couples with poor attachment, increase the probability of impulsive and uncontrollable acts
24
Q

Application of Social control Theory

A
  • School based parent training programs offered in many states
  • Premise that a child’s bond to a family is crucial
25
Q

What is PATHE

A

Positive action through holistic education
- Reduces delinquency by strengthening students’ commitment to school and attachment to conforming members

26
Q

What are the reasons for different crime rates in social environments

A

Stain, deviance and social control

27
Q

What are strain and cultural deviance theories

A

Established in 1925 and 1940
- Examine social forces driving criminal activity and lay foundations for subculture theories

28
Q

What is strain Theory

A

Lower class individuals resort to illegitimate means due to lack of opportunities for economic success

29
Q

What is a cultural deviance theory

A

Lower class individuals hold values conflicting with middle class norms, leading them to adhere to their own values system (Violating convetional norms)`

30
Q

What is the structural functionalist perspective

A
  • Emphasized normality of crime in a society
  • Conduct is shaped by group dynamics and social organization
  • Introduced the term Anomie
  • Absense of shared rules results in anomie
31
Q

Who established Structural functionalist perspective and when

A

Emilie Durkheim in late 19th century

32
Q

Who established the strain theory ( And provide more information about the strain theory)

A

Robert Merton
- Lack of equal rights and means
- Great pressure leads to crime
- Disparity between means and goals = Pressure
- Class goes up = Crime going down

33
Q

What is the differential association theory

A

Excess of definitions learned that are favorable to violation of law over those unfavorable by violation of law

34
Q

Who established the differential association theory

A

Sutherland in 1939

35
Q

What is the culture conflict theory

A

Two groups may clash when their conduct norms differ, resulting in criminal activity

36
Q

What is primary conflict

A

When two cultures clash

37
Q

What is secondary conflict

A

1 culture breaks into multiple cultures with their own norms

38
Q

Who established the differential opportunity theory

A

Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin

39
Q

What are subcultures of violence

A

Values that demand the over use of violence in certain social situations

Criminology (1 decks)

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