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Criminology > Criminology Exam #1 > Flashcards

Criminology Exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Atavistic Anomalies

A

According to Lombroso, the physical characteristics that distinguish born criminals from the general population and are throwbacks to animals or primintive people

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2
Q

How is socialization defined?

A

The interactions people have with various organizations, institutions and processes of society

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3
Q

What is victimology?

A

The study of the nature and cause of victimization

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4
Q

What is a felony? What is the maximum sentence?

A

A serious offense punishable by death or imprisonment for more than a year in a state prison

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5
Q

What is a misdemeanor? What is the maximum sentence?

A

A less serious offense punishable in the community or in a local facility (jail) for less than a year

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6
Q

What do criminologists do?

A

Professional training occupational role, and pecuniary reward are primarily concentrated on a scientific approach to, and study and analysis of, the phenomenon of crime and criminal behavior

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7
Q

Who founded classical criminology?

A

Casare Beccaria and his followers

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8
Q

What is a positivist?

A

People who follow the writings of Auguste Comte also known as positivists; Positivism is a brach of social science that uses the scientific methods of the natural sciences and suggests that human behavior is a product of social, biological, psychological, or economic forces

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9
Q

What is substantive law?

A

Branch of law that defines crimes and their punishment; Involves issues such as th emental and physical elements of crime, crime categories and criminal defenses

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10
Q

What is a pedophile?

A

A sex offender who targets children

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11
Q

How were people who violates social norms or religious practices percieved during the middle ages?

A

Believed to be witches or possessed by demons

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12
Q

What is an anomie?

A
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13
Q

What do physiognomists do?

A

Study the facial features of criminals to determine whether the shape of the ears, nose, and eyes and the distance between them were associated with antisocial behavior

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14
Q

What was Marx’s contribution to conflict criminology?

A

Believed that the most important relationship in industrial cultrues is between the owners of the means of production and the people who do the actual labor

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15
Q

What is longitudinal research?

A

Involves observing over a period of time a group of people who share a like characteristic

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16
Q

In the US, has the North or the South had higher crime rates?

A

The south

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17
Q

What do self report surveys ask?

A

Ask to describe, in detail, their recent and lifetime participation criminal activity

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18
Q

What agency compiles the UCR?

A

FBI

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19
Q

What are hot spots?

A
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20
Q

Who are victimologists?

A

Criminologists who focus their attention on crime victims

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21
Q

What do pheneologists do?

A

Studied the shape of the skull and the lumps on the head to determine whether those physical attributes were linked to criminal behavior

22
Q

What are inchoate crimes?

A

Attempts, conspiracy and solicitation

23
Q

What is meant by aging out?

A

the process by which individuals reduce the frequency of their offending behavior as they age

24
Q

What is meant by masculinity hypothesis?

A

The view that women who commit crimes have biological and psychological traits similar to those of men

25
Q

What is meant by career criminals?

A

A person who repeatedly violates the law and organizes his or her lifestyle around criminaity

26
Q

What is the best known and most widely cited source of official criminal statistics?

A

UCR- Uniform Crime Report

27
Q

How is robbery defined?

A

The taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person by force or threat of force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear

28
Q

What is meant by the dark figures of crime?

A

Crimes that the police do not know about

29
Q

The highest violence rates occur in rural or urban areas?

A

Large urban areas

30
Q

What are the three significant methods used to measure the nature and extent of crime?

A

Uniform crime report, national crime victimization survey, and self report survey

31
Q

What role, if any, do firearms play in criminal activity?

A

About 2/3 of all murders and 40% of robberies involve firearms

32
Q

Be familiar with liberal feminist theory

A

That the traditionally lower crime rate for women can be explained by their second-class economic and social position. As women’s social roles have changed and their lifestyles have become more like those of men, it is believed that their crime rates will converge

33
Q

Who are victimologists?

A

Criminologists who focus their attention on crime victims

34
Q

What segments of our population are more likely to be victims of fraud and scams?

A

Elderly victims

35
Q

What is meant by victim precipitation?

A

Some people may initiate a confrontation that eventually leads to their injury or death

36
Q

What is meant by a suitable target?

A

According to routine activities theory, a target for a crime that is relatively valuable, easily transportable, and not capably guarded

37
Q

What is victim compensation?

A

Victim receives compensation from the state to pay for damages associated with the crime

38
Q

What do victim-witness assistance programs do?

A

Government programs that help crime victims and witnesses; May include compensation, court services, and/or crisis intervention

39
Q

In what ways do victims of crimes suffer?

A

Economic loss, fear, and long-term stress

40
Q

What group is most vulnerable to crime?

A

Low income, African American, Western and Urban

41
Q

Are the widows and widowers, married, or never married less likely to become a crime victim?

A

Widows and widowers have the lowest victimization risk because they stay at home and avoid public places

42
Q

What is meant by passive precipitation?

A

Vicitm exhibits personal characteristics that unknowingly either threatens or encourages the attacker

43
Q

What is meant by active precipitation?

A

Victim acts provocatively, uses threats or fighting words, or attacks first

44
Q

How are deviant places characterized?

A

Generally poor, densely populated, high transient neighborhood

45
Q

Who would be examples of capable guardians?

A

Police, homeowners, neighbors and family

46
Q

What factors contribute to violent behavior in boys and girls?

A

They are more likely to engage in violent behavior if they were the target of physical abuse or expose to violent behavior among the adults they knew or lived with or exposed to weapons

47
Q

According to the NCVS, where and when are violent crimes more likely to take place?

A

Open, public areas, or at a commercial establishment during during the daytime or early morning

48
Q

Who is more liekly to be victimized, individuals who have been crime victims or nonvictims?

A

Individuals who have been crime victims

49
Q

Is crime generally, interracial or intraracial

A

Intraracial

50
Q

How does lifestyle impact the opportunity for crime?

A

One may become a victim because their lifestyles increase their exposure to criminals. Behaviors such as associating with young men, going out in public places at night and living in an urban area

Criminology (1 decks)

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