Criminal Procedure Flashcards
When does standing exist in the criminal search and seizure context?
When the defendant demonstrates:
- a possessory interest in the evidence improperly seized;
- presence on the premises at the time of the search and seizure;
- a proprietary or possessory interest in the searched premises; OR
- that the charged offense includes the element of possession as an essential element.
When does an expectation of privacy exist?
When the defendant has an actual expectation of privacy that society is prepared to recognize as reasonable based on the circumstances.
Does a visitor in another’s home have a legitimate expectation of privacy?
Not if they are merely a casual visitor, but yes if they can demonstrate a significant and current interest in the searched premises.
What information about bank records can the police get without probable cause?
Only the name and addresss of the person associated with a particular ATM card.
What happens if a defendant abandons property while fleeing from police pursuit?
If they were stopped with reasonable suspicion or probable cause, then the abandonment was “coerced” and the lawfulness of the seizure is subject to traditional analysis.
If they were stopped without reasonable suspicion or probable cause, then the abandonment will be deemed fruit of the illegal seizure.
What rules govern canine sniffs?
They are searches. A sniff of a person requires a warrant, but a sniff of property does not if the canine is lawfully present and supported by reasonable suspicion that drugs will be found.
What types of searches require warrants in Pennsylvania but not federally?
Hospital records, canine sniffs of individuals, wired informants, bank records, pen registers, and non-exigent automobile searches.
What special requirements of a warrant does Pennsylvania impose?
- The warrant must contain an allegation that the property sought is fruits, instrumentalities, or evidence of a crime.
- The warrant must particularly describe
- the person to be seized by either his name or a description by which he can be identified,
- must be precise enough to enable the executing officer to ascertain the identity, with reasonable effort, the place intended, and where probable cause exists to support the search of the area so designated.
- the place to be searched, or
- objects of search.
- the person to be seized by either his name or a description by which he can be identified,
What if the police don’t follow knock-and-announce?
Unless exigent circumstances existed or the officers reasonably believed that there would be danger of harm to the officers or destruction of evidence by knocking and announcing, then the evidence must be suppressed.
When can the police board a bus?
- The random stop of a passenger bus for purposes of searching for drugs is prohibited unless the police have reasonable suspicion or probable cause.
- HOWEVER, the police may board a bus during a scheduled stop and with the driver’s permission if they speak to each passenger.
When can the police rely on radio broadcasts of anonymous tips to stop and frisk?
A police radio broadcast is insufficient to justify a stop and frisk UNLESS the officer can establish
- that the information is from a reliable informant OR
- an independent basis for reasonable suspicion.
When can the police obtain hospital blood alcohol data without a warrant?
If the blood test was ordered by the police pursuant to the statute (police think somebody is DUI).
NOT if the blood test was taken for medical purposes and not pursuant to a statute.
When are vehicle checkpoints permissible?
If
- trained officers conduct brief observations of stopped drivers;
- unnecessary surprise is avoided by advance warnings from a reasonable distance;
- checkpoints occur at locations and times when drunk driving is frequent; and
- the decision of which car to stop is made based on a consistent basis, such as every fourth car.
When may the independent source doctrine be relied upon by the prosecution?
Only if the source is “truly independent.” However, a second warrant need not be derived from an independent police team, unless there is evidence of willful misconduct on the part of the police.
When will the good-faith exception apply?
Never. If a facially valid warrant is later determined to be invalid, then the search is illegal.