Criminal Procedure Flashcards
Exclusionary Rule
The exclusionary rule supresses evidence obtained in violation of the Defendant’s rights under the 4th, 5th, and 6th amendments, applicable to the states through the 14th amendment.
Fourth Amendment
The fourth amendment protects against unreasoanble search and seizure by the government.
To establish a fourth amendment violation, the defendant must show that there was government action and that the defendant had a reasonable expectation of privacy.
Reasonable expectation of privacy
A defendant has a reasoanble expectation of privacy to their own person and things that they have a possessory interest in. This includes a home + curtilage and places where the defendant was an overnight guest. This does not include objects held out to the public.
Seizure of a person
occurs when an officer pysically touches a subject or when a reasonable person does not feel free to decline the officer’s requests and end the encounter. a persuit is not a seizure until there is a use of force
Terry stop
An offer must have reasonable suspicion to investigate, supported by articulable facts
Detention must be bried and only long enough to verify or dispel suspicions
The officer may frisk for weapons if the officer reasonably believes D is armed
Arrest
The officer must have probable cause, which means knowledge of trustworthy facts and cricumstances
Public places: if crime committed in officer’s presence, no warrant, or no warrant if felony
Defendant’s home: requires a warrant
Someone else’s home: warrant, consent, exigent circumstances
Police check point
generally valid as long as the stop is conducted in a nondiscriminatory manner and the purpose has an articulable reason beyond general crime prevention. DUI checkpoints are legal, but checkpoints generally looking for contraband are not unless at the border.
Traffic stop
officer must have reasoanble suspicion that a law has been violated.
valid but pretextual stop is okay
driver and occupants can be ordered out and risked if officer has reasonable suspcion they are carrying a weapon
limited search of passenger compartments for weapons is allowed
Search
A search occurs when the government violates a reasonable expectation of privacy, must be pursuant to a warrant or an exception
Technological device
attatching a tracking device is a search
physically intruding onto property to install a device is a search
use of sense-enhancing devices not used by the **general public **is a search
cell-site information from a carrier requires a warrant
Drug sniffing dog
use is a search if dog is physically on D’s property
Warrant search
valid warrant requires probable cause, detatched and neutral magistrate, and** describes with particularity** the place to be searched and items to be seized
knock and announce, but failure won’t result in exclusion
if invalid warrant, may still be admissible if police officers relied in good faith
Warrant Exceptions
[ESCAPES]
Exigent circumstances
search incident to lawful arrest
consent
automobile exception
plain view
evidence from administrative search
stop and frisk
Exigent circumstances
hot pursuit, emergency situations, justify based on the totality of the circumstances
Search incident to lawful arrest
must be a** lawful arrest** based on probable cause
must be timely and without delay
includes immediate area
generally no search of cell phones unless exigent circumstances
vehicle search only okayif D is **unsecured **and within reach of the passenger compartment or reasonable belief that vehicle has evidence of the crime
after arrest, can do routine inventory search of car
protective sweep of home permitted
Automobile exception
Police can search any part of automobile if they have **probable cause ** it contains evidence or contraband