Criminal Justice Sem 1 Final

Question 1

4th Amendment

Answer 1

Protects against unreasonable searches and seizures; requires a warrant based on probable cause.

Question 2

5th Amendment

Answer 2

Guarantees due process, protects against self-incrimination and double jeopardy, and includes eminent domain rights.

Question 3

6th Amendment

Answer 3

Guarantees the right to a speedy and public trial, impartial jury, and legal counsel.

Question 4

8th Amendment

Answer 4

Prohibits excessive bail, excessive fines, and cruel and unusual punishment.

Question 5

14th Amendment

Answer 5

Guarantees equal protection under the law and applies due process rights to state actions.

Question 6

Due Process

Answer 6

Legal requirement that the state must respect all legal rights owed to a person, ensuring fairness.

Question 7

Double Jeopardy

Answer 7

Prohibits being tried twice for the same offense after acquittal or conviction.

Question 8

Federalism and Dual Court System

Answer 8

A system where state and federal courts operate separately but coexist to address different legal matters.

Question 9

Writ of Certiorari

Answer 9

An order by a higher court to review the decision of a lower court.

Question 10

District Court

Answer 10

For state level it is the highest trial courts/the lower courts. For federal level its the lowest of the trial courts. Is the standard trial court.

Question 11

County Court

Answer 11

A local court that handles smaller civil cases, misdemeanors, and administrative matters.

Question 12

Municipal Court

Answer 12

A court with jurisdiction over city ordinances, traffic violations, and minor criminal cases.

Question 13

State Court

Answer 13

Handles cases involving state laws, including criminal and civil disputes.

Question 14

Federal v. State Courts

Answer 14

Federal courts handle cases involving federal laws; state courts deal with state laws and disputes.

Question 15

Original Jurisdiction

Answer 15

The authority of a court to hear a case for the first time.

Question 16

Appellate Jurisdiction

Answer 16

The authority of a court to review and revise the decision of a lower court.

Question 17

Judicial Review

Answer 17

The power of courts to assess the constitutionality of laws and government actions.

Question 18

Grand Jury Trial v. Jury Trial

Answer 18

A grand jury determines if there is enough evidence for a trial; a jury trial determines guilt or innocence.

Question 19

Arraignment

Answer 19

A court proceeding where the accused is formally charged and enters a plea.

Question 20

Bench Trial

Answer 20

A trial conducted without a jury, where the judge serves as the fact-finder.

Question 21

Centralized Law Enforcement

Answer 21

A system where law enforcement functions are managed by a central agency.

Question 22

Decentralized Law Enforcement

Answer 22

A system where law enforcement duties are spread across various local, state, and federal agencies.

Question 23

Federal Law Enforcement Agencies

Answer 23

Examples include FBI, DEA, and ATF, which handle federal crimes like terrorism and drug trafficking.

Question 24

State Law Enforcement Agencies

Answer 24

Includes highway patrol and state police, focusing on enforcing state laws and inter-jurisdictional crimes.

Question 25

Local Law Enforcement Agencies

Answer 25

Includes city police and sheriff’s departments that handle community-level law enforcement.

Question 26

Private Service Law Enforcement Agencies

Answer 26

Security organizations funded privately to protect specific entities or locations.

Question 27

Police Chief Duties, Jurisdiction, and Selection

Answer 27

Oversees city police operations, appointed by city officials, jurisdiction within city limits.

Question 28

Sheriff Duties, Jurisdiction, and Gaining Position

Answer 28

Manages county law enforcement, elected by residents, jurisdiction includes unincorporated areas of the county.

Question 29

Criminal Investigation 7 Steps

Answer 29

Initial investigation
Scene control
Evidence collection
Witness interviews
Suspect identification
Analysis of evidence
Report writing and case filing.

Question 30

Fruits of a Poison Tree Doctrine

Answer 30

Evidence obtained illegally cannot be used in court, nor can evidence derived from it.

Question 31

Exclusionary Rule

Answer 31

Prohibits the use of evidence in court obtained in violation of the defendant’s constitutional rights.

Question 32

Individual Rights Advocates

Answer 32

Focus on protecting civil liberties and the rights of the accused.

Question 33

Public Order Advocates

Answer 33

Emphasize community safety and order over individual rights when necessary.

Question 34

Voir Dire

Answer 34

Jury selection process where attorneys question potential jurors for biases.

Question 35

Deliberation

Answer 35

Jury’s process of discussing evidence and testimony to reach a verdict.

Question 36

Bailiff

Answer 36

Court officer responsible for maintaining order, security, and assisting the judge.

Question 37

Lay Witness

Answer 37

A non-expert witness who testifies based on personal knowledge or observations.

Question 38

Challenge for Cause

Answer 38

A request to dismiss a potential juror for a specific, stated reason.

Question 39

Peremptory Challenge

Answer 39

A request to dismiss a potential juror without providing a reason.