Criminal Justice Flashcards
Test
If, after conducting a preliminary investigation of the legal merits of a case, a prosecutor decides to take no further action, this is referred to as a charging warning.
False
Evidence based programming does not have to consider intervening factors.
False
Cost effectiveness is one of the unifying principles of evidence based justice efforts.
True
Most criminal cases are processed through the entire formal justice system.
False
An officers initial contact with an individual is considered part of the informal criminal Justice process.
False
Less serious felonies make up the bottom layer of the criminal justice system wedding cake.
False
The crime control perspective views the justice system as a means of caring for and treating people who cannot manage themselves.
False
The equal justice perspective advocates that judges consider extralegal factors in sentencing.
False
During the past decade, the crime control and equal justice perspectives have dominated in criminal justice.
True
Ethical behavior is particularly important in law enforcement because police officers have the authority to deprive people of their liberty and use physical and even deadly force.
True
The only professionals in the criminal justice system that should be concerned with ethical behavior are police officers.
False
Correctional officers have significant coercive power over offenders.
True
If a lawyer assists their client in engaging in illegal behavior, they are not subject to criminal charges because of their attorney - client privilege.
False
The non-intervention perspective believes there is a stigma that locks people into a criminal way of life.
True
The crime control perspective believes that too many suspects go free because of the legal technicalities.
True
The media tends to focus on Level IV cases of the wedding cake model of justice.
False
Most cases that go to trial result in a conviction.
True
The Miranda warnings must be ready to all suspects arrested by law enforcement
False
The level of government that collectively spends the most on justice expenditures are local agencies.
True
The current criminal justice system is not responsible for protecting the country from international and domestic terrorists.
False
Complex criminal conspiracies require cooperation of different criminal justice agencies.
True
The crime rate was much higher 100 years ago than it is today.
True
After an arrest, the suspect can be detained
True
In order to make an arrest for a felony, the police officer must have personally witnessed the crime being committed.
False
The criminal justice process is slowed by congestion and limited resources.
True
The O.J Simpson case would be considered a Level IV case in the wedding cake model of justice.
False
According to the wedding cake model of justice , the typical penalty for Level IV cases is small.
True
Which statement is accurate concerning crime in a historical context in the USA?
Crime and violence have been common since the nation was first formed and are not recent social problems.
The, created in 1919, was a professional association funded by private contributions, which was integral in getting agencies of justice to work together and getting the work of the criminal justice system recognized.
Chicago Crime Commission
Who sponsored the research in the 1950’s that revealed that the criminal justice system was composed of agencies that could be connected in an intricate network of decision making processes?
American Bar Foundation project
What are the 3 main components into which the contemporary criminal justice system is generally divided?
Law Enforcement, the courts, and the correctional system
Because some individuals are so dangerous that they must be outlawed outright or regulated, the contemporary criminal justice society uses the instrument known as,
Social Control
The criminal justice system is vast, employing more than 2.4 million people and costing federal, state, and local governments about per year, up more than 300% since 1982.
$200 Billion
Which of the following is false about corrections in the US?
The federal correctional budget is larger than state governments’ correctional budgets
Which of the following is an extralegal factor?
The age of the offender
Which of the following is false regarding law enforcement personnel?
There are over 2 million individuals employed by a law enforcement agency
Following formal procedure, which step comes first in the criminal justice process?
Charging
The role of police officers involves primarily the first four stages of the formal criminal justice procedures. In order what are these steps?
Initial contact, investigation, arrest, custody
When police want to interrogate or question a suspect, the officer must first advise the suspect of his/her rights. This is called,
Miranda warning
Which of the following is false about the grand jury?
Every state uses the grand jury system.
At what stage of the formal criminal justice process does the defendant enter a plea of guilty or not guilty?
Arraignment
Who is not a part of the courtroom work group?
Bail bondsman
Which of the following crimes would be placed in the top layer (Layer I) of the criminal justice “wedding cake”?
A noted celebrity is arrested for shooting her bodyguard
Which of the following is false regarding Herbert Packer’s notion of the criminal justice process as an assembly line?
Most people who commit a crime are punished for it.
Offenders at Level _ of the “wedding cake” model of criminal justice have typically committed a serious offense and will receive a prison term; however, they will not garner much media attention.
II
Which justice perspective holds that the proper role of the justice system is to prevent crime through the judicious use of criminal sanctions and demands an efficient system that hands out tough sanctions to those who violate the law?
Crime control
The perspective sees the justice system as a mechanism of caring for and treating people who cannot manage themselves and assumes that people are at the mercy of social, economic, and interpersonal conditions.
Rehabilitation
Between 1976 and 1999, 566 people were executed in the US and 82 individuals awaiting execution were exonerated. This is a ratio of 1 individual freed for every 7 individuals executed. Such serious errors in the criminal justice system are of concern to advocates of the perspective.
Due process
If you believe in the concept of “just deserts” which justice perspective do you favor?
Equal justice
If you were concerned about the potentially stigmatizing effect of the community notification law on sex offenders, you would be part of this perspective.
Nonintervention
Truth-in-sentencing laws are an aspect of which justice system perspective?
Equal justice
Which of the following justice perspectives holds that the true purpose of the criminal justice system is to promote a peaceful and just society?
Restorative justice
Which justice perspective would advocate diversion programs or mediation programs for juvenile offenders?
Rehabilitation
Advocates of which justice perspective would advocate for the decriminalization of marijuana? :)
Nonintervention
Which justice perspective views crime as a community-level problem?
Restorative justice
Ethical issues surface in all parts of the justice system. Why are ethical standards so important in criminal justice?
Ethical standards are important in the justice system for all these reasons.
Which is considered the primary ethical concern of prosecutors?
Their dual role as a representative of the people and an officer of the court
Which courtroom work group member experiences the ethical concern of having obligations to his/her client and the profession?
Defense attorney
What percentage of incidents of sexual violence in prison involved staff-on-inmate sexual misconduct?
40%
In which century did police agencies begin to appear in the US?
Nineteenth
Using evidence justice, what does the research say about school-based drug education programs?
The track record of school-based drug education programs has proven to be spotty at best.
Which of the following is society’s instrument of social control?
The Criminal Justice System
Which branch of government defines the law by determining what conduct is prohibited and establishes criminal penalties for those who violate the law?
Legislative
Which branch of government interprets existing laws and determines whether they meet constitutional requirements?
Judicial
Which branch of government is responsible for the day-to-day operation of justice agencies?
Judicial
Which branch of government oversees criminal justice practices and has the power to determine whether existing operations fall within the bounds of the US Constitution?
Judicial
Which component of the criminal justice system has the largest budgets?
Police
According to the criminal justice assembly line model, what is moved down the conveyor belt?
Cases
To what can the criminal justice process be compared?
Funnel
To what criminal punishment are people convicted of Level III crimes typically sentenced?
Probation
After investigating the crimes for over a month, the task force is able to execute ten arrest warrants. Eight of the offenders are apprehended and arrested. Who is responsible for formally charging the suspects with a specific crime?
Prosecutor
The task force determines that the most common crimes being committed are robberies and burglaries in which the typical amount stolen from each home is approximately $10,000. The officers realize that they are dealing with professionals. At which level on the criminal justice wedding cake do these crimes fall?
Level II
One of the officers on the task force expresses his frustration with the criminals who are committing these crimes. He believes that the police department needs to work aggressively to apprehend these offenders and that society must be protected from them through harsh punishment. What perspective is the officer promoting?
Crime control
Another officer expresses that those committing these crimes are probably doing so as an expression of frustration and anger created by social inequality. In his view, what is needed?
Rehabilitation
The ____ is a federal agency that provided technical assistance and hundreds of millions of dollars in aid to state and local justice agencies between 1969 and 1982.
Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA)
The ____ defines the law by determining what conduct is prohibited and establishes criminal penalties for those who violate the law.
legislature
It currently costs federal, state, and local governments more than $__ billion per year for civil and criminal justice.
260
When prosecutors decide to take no further action after conducting a preliminary investigation of the legal matters of a case is referred to as a(n) _____.
nolle prosequi
The ____ is the term used to describe the process through which large numbers of cases are systematically filtered out of the formal criminal justice process.
criminal justice funnel
The ____ is comprised of the prosecutor, defense attorney, judge, and other court personnel who function to streamline the process of justice through the extensive use of plea bargaining and other trial alternatives.
courtroom work group
Millions of misdemeanors, such as disorderly conduct, shoplifting, public drunkenness, and minor assault comprise Level __ of the criminal justice “wedding cake” which are handled by lower courts in an assembly-line fashion.
IV
Decriminalization, deinstitutionalization, and pretrial diversion are favored by those adhering to the ____ perspective.
nonintervention
The goal of the ____ perspective is to enable the offender to appreciate the damage caused to society and to the victim, to make amends, and to be reintegrated into the community.
restorative justice
Advocates of the ____ perspective argue that the greatest concern of the justice system should be providing fair and equitable treatment to those accused of crime.
due process
_____ uses the scientific method to determine whether criminal justice programs actually reduce crime rates and offender recidivism.
Evidence-based justice
A society’s ability to control individual behavior in order to serve the best interests and welfare of the society as a whole is known as?
social control
The purpose of the criminal ____ is to gather enough evidence to identify a suspect and support legal arrest.
investigation
The ____ is the principle that in order to make an arrest in a misdemeanor, the arresting officer must have personally witnessed the crime being committed.
in-presence requirement
The ____ is responsible for investigating alleged crimes, examining evidence, and issuing indictments.
grand jury
____ has provided a mechanism for the frustrated to vent their anger, for business leaders to maintain their position of wealth and power, and for those outside the economic mainstream to take a shortcut to the American dream.
Crime
If the arresting officer believes that sufficient evidence exists to charge Johnny with a crime to whom will the case be turned over next?
Prosecutor
At what stage will the prosecution file a charging document against Johnny before a lower trial court?
Preliminary hearing
In some jurisdictions, the grand jury will determine whether there is sufficient evidence to support the continued prosecution of a suspect. If the grand jury, in Johnny’s case, determines there is sufficient evidence they will issue a true bill of __?
indictment
Johnny was presented with the option of a reduction of his charges from a robbery to a burglary and a sentence of 5 years in prison instead of 20. This is an example of a plea bargain. What percentage of criminal cases are settled with a plea bargain?
90
Which branch of government defined this law, determined that this is conduct that is prohibited, and established the criminal penalties for those who violate this law?
Legislative
Which branch of government is responsible for enforcing this statue?
Executive
Which agency in the criminal justice system is responsible for the adjudication of the case if Samantha has been arrested and charged with the crime of murder?
Courts
