criminal justice Flashcards
what are the critical thinking points of the criminal justice system?
Observe, investagate, and understand
what are matter of ethics?
explores moral dilemmas(more that one difficult choice to make) and problems that may arise in various criminal justice scenarios
what is a case in point?
when you link key text concepts to actual events and cases
what is a global view?
compares American justice to international justice
what is a disconnect in the criminal justice system?
explores the gap between the intent of policies and law and their applications in the real world
what are some roles of the criminal justice system in the US democracy?
police, victim advocates, judges, prosecutors, jurors, correctional officers, and parol officers
what is a norm?
a rule that makes clear what behavior is appropriate and expected in a particular situation
what is deviance?
the violation of the norm
what is a social norm?
informal rules that aren’t written but are still followed
what is the difference between a formal norm and an informal norm?
formal Norns are written laws that everyone follows while an informal norm are written rules the everyone knows and follows
what is Mala in se?
behavior that is morally wrong
what is Mala prohibita?
statutory crimes that reflects the publics opinion in that moment
what is statutory crime?
a criminal act that is prohibited by law
what is a consensus perspective?
where people sees crime as a product of social agreement
what is conflict perspective?
people that see crime as someone dealing with a lot of problems then acting out
what is sanction?
a way to reinforce peoples social norms(can be positive or negative)
what do most criminals and victims have in common?
race, age, range, neighborhood, socioeconomic status, and gender(with an exception of some rapist)
what is corrections?
they were organized by the society to punish offenders and sentence them while including retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation, reintegration, and restitution
what is an alternative sentence?
its a sentence that can be served in treatment facility or carried out in the form of community service
what is parole?
its someone that keeps an eye on someone thats been released from jail early
what are law enforcement officers expected to do?
resolve society’s problems and entrusted to use force only when necessary
what does state court do?
its a system in which state crimes are prosecuted
what does federal courts do?
its a system in which federal crimes are prosecuted consisting of district court(Waterloo court for us
what is interstate crime?
when you live in one area and commit a crime there and then cross state lines without being charge, the other state can charge you
what are some resources for victim services?
shelters, transitional housing, counseling, and 24 hour hotlines
what are victim advocates?
professionals who assist the victim during the post victimization period
what are victim impact statements?
victims written statements, usually in the presence report, about the effect of crime against them
what is crime prevention?
these are measures taken to reduce the opportunity for crime by individuals predisposed to commit such acts, usually on high crime areas and activities
what is a crime control model?
its a repression on criminal conduct as the most important function of criminal justice
what is a crime process model?
a model that argues that it is better to let guilty people go than to convict the innocent
what is fear of crime and its consequences?
a moderate level of fear is beneficial to citizens as it generate caution and influences public policy
what is national crime victimization survey?
takes statical samples of individuals who have been victims by specific crime not including homocide, kidnapping, victimless crimes, commercial crimes, and children under the age of 12.
what are some ways to mearure crime?
with uniform crime reports, national incident-based reporting system, national crime victimization survey, and self report studies.
what is uniform crime reports?
an annual series of US statistical measures of the incidence of selected crimes
what is national incident based reporting system?
US crime index complied by FBI and department of justice
what is dark figure of crime?
group of unreported and unrecorded crimes as revealed by crime victim surveys
what is secondary victimization?
suffering of crime victims caused by their subsequent treatment by the police, the courts, or personal acquaintances
what is self reporting data?
surveys in which individuals reveal offenses that they have committed but haven’t been held accountable for
who are the majority of victims?
men are(60% of violence crime victims are male)
what are the different types of homicide?
first degree murder, second degree murder, manslaughter, voluntary manslaughter, involuntary manslaughter, vehicular manslaughter, serial murder, mass murder, spree muder
what is assault and battery?
harmful or offensive physical attack by one person upon another
what is sexual victimization?
forced or coerced sexual intimacy
what are the reasons that victims don’t report sexual assault?
self-blame, fear of retaliation, to avoid shame, and to protect family from embarrassment.
what are the symptoms of rape trauma syndrome?
acute phase(victims may exhibit fear, anxiety, and agitation or may appear in control, clam, and emotionless)
outward adjustment phase features a seeming return to normal life but an inward struggle to cope)
resolution phase(victim shifts focus from the crisis to coping or resolution and moving on with life).
what are the types of child abuse?
physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, emotional abuse, school bullying, missing children abandonment, and homicide
what is property crime?
taking of money and/or material goods without the use of force, as well as the intentional destruction of property
what are the types of property crime?
burglary, larceny, and motor vehicle theft
what is white-collar crime?
illegal or unethical acts that violate fiduciary responsibility or public trust(fraud, health care fraud, environmental crime, and money laundering.
what are drug offenses?
unlawful possession, use manufacturing, selling, growing, making, or distributing of drugs classified as having potential for abuse.
what are common types of abused drugs?
stimulants, depressants, opioids, hallucinogens, marijuana, and performance-enhancing drugs
what re crimes committed due to drug?
crimes against persons, crimes against property, crimes against public order and morality
what are political crimes?
terrorism, reason, immigration law violations, and unlawful demonstrations
what is organized crime?
gambling, prostitution, auto theft, and drug trafficking
what is classical school of criminology?
views a criminal as having free will and choice to deliberately choose a criminal path
what is neoclassical school of criminology?
recognizes difference in criminal circumstances and assumes that some people cannot reason
what is rational choice theory?
assumes that criminals choose to commit crime because they believe the benefits outweigh the risk of getting caught
what is positivism?
people who look different are more likely to commit crime because of how society has treated them
what is atavism?
they’re born criminals; its in their genes
what is neurobiological?
psych disorders such as antisocial personality disorder, bipolar, and schizophrenia
what is neurotransmitter?
a chemical imbalance in the brain will cause serious issues
what is psychosis?
causes you to see people who aren’t really there
what is psychopathy?
creates a lack of remorse or empathy. you can assault someone and not care
what is PTSD?
a person on edge might respond perceived threats with violence
how far will someone go to hide their mental disorder?(schizophrenia spectrum disorder defined)
SSD- mental illness in which an individual is split from reality
how far will someone go to hide their mental disorder?(major mood disorders defined)
MMD- extreme and prolonged emotional states
how far will someone go to hide their mental disorder?(bipolar disorder defined)
bipolar disorder- serious depression alternating with periods of extreme elation and exaggerated self-importance.
how far will someone go to hide their mental disorder?(postpartum psychosis defined)
PPP- mental illness in a woman characterized by hallucinations, delusions, and obsessive thoughts about her baby.
what is intelligence in criminology?
the person understands that they are committing a crime
what is deviance?
they don’t care that they committed a crime
what is moral reasoning?
application if a set of ethical principles based on what society views as good vs bad behavior
what is the social learning theory?
suggests that behavior is learned
what is psychodynamic factors?
an individuals personality and behavior traits develop early in life
what are the three parts to personality that causes people to commit crime?(freud)
the ID, ego, and superego
what did freud argue?
the crime is a response to the inability to over come a difficult childhood. he’s not entirely wrong, but he really oversimplified it.
what is sociology?
study of human being within their social environments.
not a question/ if the people you hang out with are criminals, you might learn to be as well. if you’re poor, you might steal food to get by. your religion might absolve you of the crime, but the law won’t.
:)
what is strain theory?
it suggests that crime and delinquency are caused by the presence of negative emotions, such as fear, disappointment, depression, anger, and frustration resulting from an array of strains
what is anomie?
is a state of lawlessness or normlessness. if you’re ever watched a zombie movie, the result of society’s breakdown would be a form of anomie.
what is dual taxonomic theory?
suggests that an individual can have two paths in adolescence: the person with age-out of crime once they become an adult and no longer commit any misdeeds or the person will continue to commit crime well into their adulthood
what is life course persistence offenders?
basically takes the second path in dual taxonomy, but begin their crime spree at a very young age (dual taxonomy suggests it begins in teen years)
what are adolescences-limited offenders?
they fall into a bad crowd and commit crimes due to peer pressure.
what is the social control theory?
suggest that peoples relationships, commitments, values, norms, and beliefs encourage then not to break the law. so if those moral coded are internalized and the individual are tied to and have a stake in their community, they are far less likely to commit deviance or crime.
what are techniques of neutralization?
when a person commits a crime or act of deviance, they rationalize their behaviors using denial or condemnation: “its not my fault. No harm was done. they deserved it. they do the same thing or worse I had to do it to protect myself/family/friends/etc
(not a question, just read it) a person who experiences a high level of involvement with others will form stronger attachments and commitments to that person/society and will be less likely to engage in deviant or destructive behavior. think of someone you greatly admire. now think about doing something that might cause that individual to feel disappointed in you. that pang of guilt you feel is due to the social bonds you’ve created with that individual, therefore keeping you from committing crime or deviance
:)
what is the feminism theory?
females experience life differently than males. feminism theory defines criminology based upon the experiences, understanding, and view of the world as perceived by women. it also suggests that most theories of criminology have been developed, texted, and applied by men to men, which have incorporated women only as an afterthought.
what is the cultural deviance theory and the social disorganization theory?
if everyone else is committing crime and deviance, then you probably will, too(because its normalized).
what is culture conflict?
think of this as two cultures clashing. I like to think of its the generational gap; what is considered acceptable and normal within one group may be frowned upon in another. everyone has tattoos nowadays, but before the 1970s, tattoos were worn by criminals or deviants. this is why your grandparent deeply frowns when you shoe off your new ink.
what is the looking glass self?
you are deviant because you believe that’s what everyone thinks you are. you are self-fulfilling prophecy.
what is the labeling theory?
everyone openly labels you as a deviant, so you are deviant.
what is the differential association theory?
you learn to be criminal, deviant, or normal, by watching and learning from everyone around you.
what is victimology?
some people become victims due to their lifestyles(they associate with known criminals), their routines(they’re predictable, so criminals know when they’re home or not), or when they’re in the wrong place at the wrong time(like walking through a dark alley in the middle of the city at 2am on a Saturday night).
(not a question, just read) some individuals are more likely to become a victim than others: having a prior history of domestic violence(either as an offender or a victim)
1. females,
2. young people(children), 3. heavy alcohol and drug use,
4. high risk sexual behavior,
5. witnessing or experiencing violence as a child,
6. the less-educated(they may not know they’re committing a crime, the poor or unemployed,
7. having a different ethnicity from their partner’s (this usually pertains to men),
8. having a greater education level than your partner’s( this usually pertains to women,
9. being American Indian/alaska native or African American( also usually pertains to women, 10. having a verbally abusive, jealous, or having a possessive partner(this also usually pertains to women but men can experience it too)
:-(
