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Criminal Investigation: Lyman > Criminal Investigation > Flashcards

Criminal Investigation Flashcards

1
Q

Objectives of Evidence (4)

A

1) Facts of the Crime
2) Identify law breaker
3) Information to locate/arrest perp
4) Prosecute perp

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2
Q

3 Methods for Crime Scene Sketching

A
  1. Coordinate: measuring an object from two fixed points of reference
  2. Triangulation: a birds eye view of the crime scene using fixed objects from which to measure; two or more widely separated points of ref required
  3. Cross-Projection: used in in-door crime scenes; top-down view of the crime scene where the walls of the room have been “folded-down” to reveal locations of bullet holes, blood splatter evidence…
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3
Q

Field Notes

A

-Investigators most personal and readily available record of the crime scene search. Investigative process begins as soon as an officer gets a call to the scene.

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4
Q

Battered Child Syndrome

A

Clinical term referring to a collection of injuries sustained by a child as a result of repeated mistreatment or beating. -Injuries more severe than reasonable expected -past/other injuries need to be explained

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5
Q

Rape

A

Unlawful sexual intercourse, achieved through force and w/o consent. -Carnal knowledge -Forcible Submission -Lack of Consent

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6
Q

5 Categories of Drugs

A

1) Cannabis: marijuana (mild hallucinogen); THC
2) Narcotics: opium, opium derivative/synthetic substitutes.
3) Stimulants: stimulate the CNS
4) Hallucinogens: act on CNS and create distorted perceptions.
5) Depressants: act on CNS, barbituates, Rohypnol, GHB

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7
Q

Serial Fire Starters

A

Mass Arsonist: 3 or more fires at same location

Spree Arsonist: sets fires at 3 or more separate locations; no “cooling off” period

Serial Arsonist: sets 3 or more separate fires w/ a definite “cooling off” period between

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8
Q

Field Interview (cards)

A

-Technique used when patrol officers happen on people or circumstances that appear suspicious but when there is not sufficient cause for arrest

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9
Q

Using field notes in court

A
  • it is acceptable for a person who did not prepare the notes to testify to their reliability, provided person was present when notes were prepared
  • Defense may examine notes
  • Defense will typically attack the validity of notes based on conditions under which they were prepared
  • One notebook per investigation
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10
Q

Best Evidence Rule

A

-(Cheadle v. Barwell, 1933) -ORIGINAL notes must be provided whenever possible -Photocopies may be used pursuant to an explanation

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11
Q

Official Police Report

A
  • Poorly written reports give defense a tool to confuse the officers testimony and muddle the issue
  • 3 Prong Rule:
  • FACTUAL
  • THOROUGH
  • TO THE POINT
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12
Q

Steps in Report Writing

A

1) Collect info: scene, informants, witnesses
2) Take complete notes
3) Organize info
4) Prepare the report
5) Proofread/evaluate the report

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13
Q

Official Police Report: Accuracy and Objectivity

A
  • ability to report accurately= ability to conduct objective and thorough investigation and to express the inquiry in writing
  • Unbiased manner
  • When opinions are called for: must reflect the investigators thinking vs. his feelings (also note when opinion)
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14
Q

Official Police Report: Word Choice

A
  • Presentation and Dictation: Choice and Use of words
  • Most effective report presentation is a chronological narrative; events are described as they occurred from the officers perspective
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15
Q

Writing effective police reports

A
  • Avoid unnecessary words
  • Avoid elaborate/unfamiliar words
  • Use specific words rather than vague terms
  • Use active voice
  • Use standard abbreviations (to avoid confusion)
  • Short, simple sentences: clear meaning
  • Avoid Double Negatives
  • Use modifiers, adjectives, and adverbs sparingly: they do not contribute much to a fact finding report
  • Use plain English rather than jargon/slang (except when quoting)
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16
Q

Documenting Interviews

A
  • Preliminary information: time/manner complaint was received; identification of location, time, and nature of crime, full ID of victims
  • Witnesses
  • Physical Evidence: search must be documented
  • Modus Operandi: in many cases method of operation is a clue to determining the suspect
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17
Q

Documenting Interviews

A
  • Must distinguish btwn items that are know/verified and those that are based on judgments
  • Conclusions unsubstantiated by fact should be presented as opinion
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18
Q

Supplemental Report

A
  • Considerably longer than initial complaint b/c it incorporates much greater detail including who, what, where, when, how
  • Prepared in paragraph/chronological order
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19
Q

Photographing Crime Scene

A
  • both photos and sketches are necessary b/c photos may distort distance and color
  • without photos a witness/juror may be influenced by: past experiences, preconceptions, stereotypes, and biases in making decisions
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20
Q

Digital Photography

A

-Some argue that 35mm, silver based-film is superior because it cannot be manipulated or changed

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21
Q

Photos as Evidence

A
  • Principal requirements to admit= RELEVANCE and AUTHENTICATION
  • Authentication is most important req: the party seeking to introduce the photo must present testimony that the photo is accurate and correct
  • Need not be photographer: a witness with knowledge of the scene can testify that the photo accurately portrays the scene
  • Relevancy: might unduly confuse or deceive the fact finder
  • State v. Fournier
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22
Q

What to Photograph

A

Can never be “too many photographs”

Three Stages:

  • General View
  • Medium Range View
  • Close-up view
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23
Q

Photos: General View

A
  • Sweeping view of the crime scene
  • Demonstrates what the scene looks like in its own environment
  • Taken at a distance to reveal the natural surroundings
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24
Q

Photos: Medium Range View

A
  • Distance no greater than 20ft away from the object
  • Intent is to depict specific items/objects
  • Allows jurors to link each picture w/ the general crime scene photo
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25
Q

Photos: Close-up view

A
  • Distance of less than 5 feet using zoom feature
  • focus on small segments of a larger surface or on specific objects @ scene
  • Should be take with and without a small object to provide perspective (ie: a ruler)
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26
Q

Crime Scene Photographs

A

Pros

  • provide easy storage and retrieval of data on the crime scene
  • remove inferences by placing the judge/jury at the scene
  • give investigator a source of reference as the location of evidence at the scene

Cons

  • do not show true/actual distances
  • can distort color/perceptions
  • can be ruined by mechanical errors in processing
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27
Q

Crime Scene Photos

A
  • Photograph in a timely fashion
  • Objects cannot be examined until photographed from every angle
  • Record all camera angles and settings on crime scene sketch
  • Use a tripod, or keep camera steady at eye-level
  • Indoor Scenes: Overlap photos in order to depict the ENTIRE scene
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28
Q

Crime Scene Photos: Perspective

A
  • must show relationship between one item of evidence and another
  • Recognizable backgrounds
  • If item is <6in two photos needed: one taken at close-range, the other from at least 6ft away
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29
Q

Crime Scene Photos Lighting

A
  • Natural light is often inadequate
  • Avoid shadows: they hide details
  • Avoid “washout” by flash
  • Floodlights are helpful
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30
Q

Markers

A

Items placed in crime scene photos that call attention to specific objects or enable the viewer of the photo to get a sense of the size of the object or the distance between objects

-Photos should be taken before AND after placement of markers

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31
Q

Admissibility of Photo Evidence

A

-Materiality: Photos must be material & relevant

Material Photo: one that relates to and makes a substantive contribution to the specific case in question

Relevant Photo: applies to the matter in question; used to support testimony

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32
Q

Photos: Prejudicial Images

A
  • Photos must not prejudice or unfairly appeal to the emotions of the jury
  • Gruesome photos may be prejudicial
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33
Q

Photos: Distorted Photos

A

3 Common Distortions

  • Incorrect point of view
  • Perspective
  • Misrepresentation of tone/color
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34
Q

Identification of Photographs

A
  • Important to log photos carefully including date, time, sequence number
  • Type of case
  • Description
  • Location
  • Names of persons handling evidence
  • Case number
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35
Q

Surveillance

A

Surreptitious observation

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36
Q

Digital Video

A
  • Offer jurors a more complete reproduction of the scene
  • greater perspective
  • speed: no need to “develop” photos
  • freeze frame feature
  • can create photos from video
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37
Q

Crime Scene Sketch

A
  • Videos and Photos may distort dimensions of the scene
  • photo represents the scene as it is perceived by the viewer; the diagram represents the scene as it actually is
  • Sketch is a scale drawing that locates evidence in relation to other factors
  • Used to depict spatial relationships of evidence
  • Objective: portray the scene accurately, not artistically
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38
Q

Crime Scene Sketch: Measurements

A
  • all measures of distance must be conducted by using the same method
  • TAPE MEASURE is considered the most effective method of measuring the scene
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39
Q

Crime Scene Sketch

A
  • Rough Sketch: drawn by officers on the scene; not drawn to scale but should reflect accurate dimensions and distances between objects of importance
  • Finished Sketch: completed sketch drawn to scale; measurements are not required if drawn to scale; not necessary for crime scene investigator to prepare finished sketch, but the investigator will be req. to affirm that the finished sketch is an accurate portrayal of the scene
  • both rough and finished sketch are admissible
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40
Q

Preliminary Investigation

A
  • Definition: initial inquiry by officers to est facts and circumstances of a suspected crime and to preserve any evidence related to the crime
  • evidence collection process begins immediately after the discovery of a crime
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41
Q

Preliminary Investigation

A
  • securing the crime scene
  • possible arrest of a suspect
  • locate/question of witness/victims
  • document the scene
  • identify/collecting evidence
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42
Q

Preliminary Investigation

A
  • the scene itself is evidence
  • crime scene= location where evidence of a crime may be found; not necessarily where the crime was committed
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43
Q

Crime Scene Evidence

A
  • protection of crime scene is crucial to prevent: contamination, loss, or unnecessary movement of physical evidence
  • contamination occurs:
  • when evid is not properly secured
  • wrongfully mixed w/ other evidence
  • altered significantly from its original condition

-when evidence is contaminated, it is INCOMPETENT or INADMISSIBLE

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44
Q

Trace Evidence

A
  • any type of material left at or taken from a crime scene as a result of contact between two surfaces
  • evidence usually preserved by paper bag or envelope (rarely plastic bag)
  • bits of matter that are not immediately apparent to the naked eye
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45
Q

Locard’s Exchange Principle

A

-“locard’s theory” or “transfer of evidence theory” -“with contact between two items, there will be an exchange”

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46
Q

Physical Evidence

A

1) can prove the elements of a crime or reveal that a crime has been committed
2) place the suspect at a scene
3) eliminate innocent persons
4) confronted w/ suspects may confess
5) witness testimony may be supported by p.e.
6) can have powerful effect on juries

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47
Q

Types of Evidence

A
  • evidence can be considered either individually or in combo w/ other classes
  • corpus delicti evidence: evidence that establishes that a crime has been committed (pry marks)
  • associative evidence: links a suspect w/ a crime (fingerprints, footprints, blood)
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48
Q

Types of evidence

A

1) Physical: generally speaks for itself (weapons, fingerprints, drugs)
2) Direct/Prima Facie: at face value, proves a fact (minimum BAC)
3) Indirect/Circumstantial: merely tends to incriminate a person w/o offering any conclusive proof
4) Testimonial: verbal statements offered by a witness under oath; evidence offered in an oral manner
5) Trace: hair, clothing, fibers
6) Demonstrative: demonstrate/clarify an issue rather than prove something (anatomical dolls used by children)

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49
Q

First Officer’s Responsibilities

A
  • actions while en-route to scene
  • initial actions upon arrival
  • assistance to victims and protection of witnesses/bystanders
  • arrest of perpetrator
  • follow-up communications
  • identification of witnesses and vehicles
  • briefing investigators and superiors
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50
Q

First Officers Responsibilites

A
  • while en-route to scene, be aware of suspicious vehicles/persons leaving the area of the scene
  • be prepared to apprehend any perps
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51
Q

First Officers Responsibilities: Initial Actions

A
  • verify that a crime has actually occurred
  • unless reasonable belief that a major crime has occurred or is occurring: be cautious of entering properties w/o a warrant (these are SEARCHES)
  • “protective sweep”: of premises for victims and perpetrators
  • communicate w/ dispatcher: failing to communicate endangers victims, officers, and all subsequent aspects of invest
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52
Q

First Officer’s Responsibilities

A
  • medical aid for victims
  • unless bystanders are in danger, should avoid ordering bystanders away until it has been determined if they are witnesses
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53
Q

First Officer’s Responsibilities

A
  • arrest perpetrators if prob cause exists
  • conflicts may occur when perp flees: generally, protecting the scene, victims, witnesses will be first priority; other units may be alerted to apprehend the fleeing perp
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54
Q

First Officer: follow-up communitcations

A
  • supervisors must be alerted
  • full description of perp; mode/direction of flight
  • ARMED?
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55
Q

Flash Description (BOLO)

A
  • type of crime
  • number of suspects
  • physical description
  • weapons
  • direction of flight
  • method of escape
  • injuries
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56
Q

Descriptions of Vehicles (CYMBL Rule)

A
  • Color
  • Year
  • Make, model
  • Body style
  • License number
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57
Q

Managing emergency situations

A
  • Preservation of human life is fundamental and should take priority over apprehension of the suspect
  • emergency personnel should be instructed on how to enter the scene without disturbing evidence
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58
Q

Securing the scene

A

Unnecessary or improper entry into crime scene may:

  • destroy/contaminate evidence
  • introduce substances into the scene that may mislead the investigation
  • provide defense attny’s with a basis for discrediting the investigators or findings or crime lab
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59
Q

Securing the scene

A

Enter the crime scene only for purposes:

  • determining that a crime has occurred
  • aid victims
  • apprehend perps
  • secure the area
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60
Q

Securing the scene

A

-officers should note any portions of the scene through which they have passed, any objects they have touched, any other actions that have altered the scene

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61
Q

Steps to securing the scene

A
  • Area must be defined: any area that may reasonably be anticipated to contain useful evidence; better to secure a larger area and narrow it down vs. trying to expand the area
  • use back-up officers to secure the area
  • scene should be cleared/secured: all non-essential persons cleared from scene
  • record actions previously taken at the scene: any alterations to scene, activities of emergency personnel
  • restrict access to the scene: record identities of any person entering the scene; anyone who enters the scene must be escorted by an officer -CONTAMINATION LOG
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62
Q

Scene: Dead Body

A

-body should not be touched, moved, or tampered with

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63
Q

Scene: Hanging Victim

A
  • body should not be moved
  • protect the knot on noose
  • if must cut: cut far above knot
  • care should be taken so that the body isn’t further injured by falling to the ground
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64
Q

Scene: Firearms

A
  • objects should generally be remain untouched, particularly firearms, bullets, and shell casings
  • NEVER insert an object (ie pen) into barrel of gun
  • preferred: pick up the gun using two fingers on the textured part of the grip (where no prints can be removed)
  • never adjust the safety catch, unload, or alter a weapon until an exam has been performed (photo’s sketching)
  • proper marking of the cylinder position
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65
Q

Electronic Evidence

A

Define: information and data of investigative value that is stored in or transmitted by an electronic device

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66
Q

Characteristics of Electronic Evidence

A

1) it’s latent evidence: not readily visible to the human eye under normal conditions
2) can transcend national and state borders quickly and easily
3) fragile and can easily be altered, damaged, compromised, or destroyed by improper handling/examination
4) it may not be time sensitive

**expert testimony may be needed to explain the acquisition and the examination process of electronic evidence

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67
Q

Biohazardous Materials

A
  • assume that all items contaminated w/ human/animal secretions are possible sources of infections
  • biohazardous materials should be double bagged in secure plastic bags, taped (NEVER stapled) and labeled as biohazardous
  • soaked clothing should be air dried before being bagged
  • organic matter containing moisture may be subject to decay if sealed in non-porous container; such items should be packaged in a porous container so they can breath
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68
Q

Biohazardous Materials

A
  • universal precautions: rubber gloves, no contact w/ face, eyes or mouth
  • leather gloves worn OVER disposable rubber gloves for handling needles
  • chlorine solution (1:10)
  • laundered in water at least 160 degrees F for 25 min
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69
Q

Biohazardous Materials

A
  • contaminated samples that may require laboratory analysis should not be encased directly in plastic because of the possibility of contaminating the evidence
  • evidence samples that will be subjected to DNA analysis should be kept FROZEN
  • evidence samples destined for blood typing and certain other forensic tests should be REFRIGERATED
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70
Q

Chemical and Hazardous Waste

A
  • most chemical agents are seized as a result of clandestine drug manufacturing operations
  • chemist/other qualified indiv should always be available
  • evidence should not be housed in evidence storage rooms; offsite storage
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71
Q

Assessing the scene

A

1) evaluate the steps that have already been taken, prelim documentation of the scene
2) conduct a walk-through w/ first responders and CSI personnel to identify any threats to scene integrity and initial identification of evidence
3) determine need for search warrant
4) assess the scene to develop as plan w/o destroying/contaminating evidence
5) identify evidence collection and document team members

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72
Q

Assessing the scene

A

6) identify protective equipment/clothing that are necessary to process the scene
7) identity a separate “staging area” for equipment, personnel, ect…
8) assign one officer to be the “recorder”; this establishes a chain of custody, helps prevent loss, and reduces the nmbr of officers that must appear in court
9) determine the search method and the point where the search will begin
10) focus initially on easily accessible areas in open view and work outward; select a systematic search pattern; don’t compromise subsequent processing and evidence collection efforts

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73
Q

Phases of crime scene search

A
  • survey the crime scene
  • document through sketches and photos
  • record all physical evidence
  • search for fingerprints
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74
Q

Search Patterns

A

1) spiral search method
2) grid search method
3) strip/line search method
4) quadrant/zone search method

**Rule: search must be thorough

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75
Q

Indoor crime scene searches

A
  • at least 2 officers
  • divide the room in half, each investigator search a half (zone search method)
  • at the conclusion: investigators switch halves and search again
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76
Q

Outdoor crime scene searches

A
  • more officers required; more systematic search method required
  • rope off scene into a grid, each square averaging 6sq ft (grid search method)
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77
Q

Nighttime crime scene searches

A
  • if possible, wait until daylight
  • lighting generators; sufficient illumination req.
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78
Q

Vehicle searches

A
  • crime specific (hit and run vs. drug invest)
  • should search for fingerprints after other trace evidence has been sought
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79
Q

Strip searches

A
  • in private/controlled environment
  • undress completely
  • vaginal/rectal areas to be searched by medical personnel ONLY
  • should consult prosecutor prior to conducting search
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80
Q

U.S v Montoya de Hernandez (1985)

A
  • “alimentary canal smuggling”
  • body packing
  • woman known to be a “balloon swallower” arrived in US from Columbia; pat down-search= abd felt “firm”; court order for xray; presence of “balloons”; woman detained for four days and “passed” numerous cocaine-filled condoms
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81
Q

The Crime Scene Search

A

Two approaches:

  • investigator should consider all information provided to him by officers who arrived earlier on the scene
  • investigators should rationalize which evidence items seem to play the greatest role in the alleged crime
  • principal concern is: to observe and document, rather than take action
  • observation phase: note relative distance of any object to the victim (ie- shell casings)
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82
Q

Collecting Evidence

A
  • evidence that is most fragile is a priority
  • fingerprints is a priority
  • blood and other trace evidence
  • search the scene a second time after evidence has been collected
  • “evidence collector”
  • ensures evidence is recorded and processed in a uniform manner
  • ensures evidence will be moved only when collector says so -@ trail: both investigator who discovered evidence and collector are usually needed to testify
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83
Q

Chain of Custody

A
  • documentation of all who handle evidence in a criminal case
  • number of persons handling evidence should be limited
  • document who, date, time, and reason for giving evidence to another person
  • anyone who handles evidence should place their name/badge nmbr to the package
  • signed receipt should be obtained from person accepting evidence
  • check to ensure evidence is the same item -check to ensure evidence is in the same condition as when it was discovered
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84
Q

Marking Evidence

A
  • must be marked immed. upon sz. to ensure proper identification later (ie-@ trial)
  • initials of seizing officer and date of sz
  • evidence label: -case nmbr -exhibit number -date/time of sz -name and description of item -location at time of discovery -signature of ofc making discovery -name/initials of others witnessing discovry
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85
Q

Special Cases in Evidence

A

-evidence or not?

when any doubt exists the object should be collected and processed as evidence

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86
Q

Infected Evidence

A
  • crime scene investigators working in uncontrolled and adverse environment
  • use of protective equipment does not protect against cutting/puncturing
  • officers who lack adequate protective equipment, who are uneasy about contracting diseases, lack training, might tend to limit their searches; “it’s just not worth it” attitude
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87
Q

Firearms

A
  • should be handled by the grip or the sides of the trigger guard
  • NEVER stick anything into the barrel (can destroy trace evidence)
  • No attempt should be made to fire the gun, dismantle it, or interfere with the mechanisms
  • if revolver: mark empty cases/live cartridges and the rear edge of the cylinder with a code to show the chambers in which each empty case or live cartridge rested at the time of its removal
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88
Q

Bullets, Cartridges, and Empty Cases

A
  • particular care to the portions used in identification; can determine type of weapon, and caliber of weapon
  • areas used for identification
  • the base
  • the rim or cannelure

-bullets: don’t remove the spent bullet, instead remove the material encasing the bullet (ie- the section of wall/door); handle minimally, package to prevent damage to side portions; package bullets individually

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89
Q

Stains

A
  • blood is the most common; not all blood found belongs to the victim
  • good photos/video should be taken
  • samples from all locations
  • should be swabbed and air dried before storage (blood samples rot easily)
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90
Q

Glass

A

-could be used to show:

  • direction of travel of a projectile
  • sequence of impact of a projectile
  • match other broken glass
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91
Q

Impressions

A
  • common in burglary and rape
  • tool marks
  • tire impressions
  • foot impressions
  • teeth impressions (partially eaten food)
  • should locate the object that made the impression so that a comparison can be made in court
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92
Q

Drugs

A

-drug abuse is the greatest contributor to the commission of crime 1) preserve substances for court 2) transport the substances 3) protect themselves from the harmful effects of certain drugs -diff forms: plant, powder, liquid, tablet/capsule

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93
Q

Collecting Evidence

A

-should be done by trained specialists -responding officers should not collect evidence unless: 1) exigent circumstances exist that make it necessary to prevent its contamination or destruction 2) auth. has been received from a supervisor to collect evidence -generally, initial officers should limit their activities to securing the scene and preventing unauthorized persons from contaminating evidence

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94
Q

Collection of evidence under exigent circumstance

A

-emerg collection should be limited to the least interference needed to preserve the evidence from loss -supervisory/specialized assistance should be obtained as soon as possible to minimize adverse effects on the evidence or its admissibility

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95
Q

Collection of Evid under direction of OIC

A

-officers must comply with directions of OIC -comply with policies/procedures regarding evidence control -photo evid before/after -preserving, packaging, labeling

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96
Q

Interviewing witnesses

A

-witnesses should be identified -even those who deny having witnessed the crime should be identified -attempt to obtain information about others who may have been witnesses, but have left the scene -attempt to have witnesses provide names of people who live in the vicinity of the scene; frequent the area

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97
Q

Medical Examiner

A

-public official who makes official determinations of the cause and time of death in wrongful death cases -agency’s S.O.P. should est when the M.E. is contacted -M.E. is usually responsible for moving the body -in the event a body must be moved, its position should be documented through photos and sketching -tape or chalk should be placed to indicate how the head, arms, legs were positioned; must take care to ensure body remains in its exact position found (when moving)

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98
Q

Neighborhood Canvass

A

-identifies material witnesses: those who have specific knowledge of the crime or parts of the crime -identifies general witnesses who can provide background info about victim and poss suspects -focus not only on residents, but store employees, delivery persons, utility persons, bus/taxi drivers, ect..

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99
Q

Crime scene reports

A

-should be prepared by both responding officers and those that conduct follow-up investigations -date/time which officers arrived on scene -relevant conditions @ arrival (incld weather) -manner crime was discovered -identity of reporting parties -id of police officer/emergency personnel present -physical evidence collected -identification info of witnesses -results of witness interviews -diagrams, sketches, photos, videos -recommendations that may be helpful to follow-up investigators

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100
Q

Follow-up Investigation

A

-continuing phase of the investigation in which info that is learned in prelim invest is added/built upon -analyzing reports of officers who conducted prelim invest -reviewing departmental records and “MO files” -gathering infro on friends/associates of suspects -examine victims background -check police intel files -organizational skills and personality traits can aid in communicating w/ ppl in the community who may possess valuable info

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101
Q

Trace Evidence Unit

A

-identifies and compares trace evidence that may be transferred during a crime; may often link a suspect to a scene -human hair, animal hair, textile fibers, and fabric, ropes, and wood -odontology= forensic dentistry; physical anthropology (skeletal remains)

102
Q

Questioned Documents Unit

A

-handwriting, hand printing, typewriting, printing, erasures, alterations, obliterations -impressions left on paper may also be evaluated -watermarks, safety fibers

103
Q

Forensic Chemistry

A

1) General Chem: dyes and chemicals in bank security devices; controlled substances; stains or markings; questioned ink; analysis of unk solids/liquids 2) Toxicology: analysis of biological specimens for drugs, poisons; claims of product tampering 3) Prints and Polymers: analysis of paint chips; ident. auto from paint samples; compares plastics; tape composition; caulks,sealants

104
Q

DNA Analysis Unit

A

-analyses bodily fluids: blood, saliva, semen RFLP: restriction fragment length polymorphism PCR: polymerase chain reaction mtDNA: mitochondrial DNA analysis is applied to evidence containing small/degraded quantities of DNA from hair, bones, teeth, and bodily fluids MitoSearch: software designed for the compilation and analysis of mtDNA databases

105
Q

Ballistics Unit

A

-examines evidence related to firearms, ammunition, tools, and tool marks -firearms exams: identify specific cartridges, bullets that were fired by a particular weapon -tool mark analysis: identifies tools as having made a specific mark

106
Q

Latent Prints

A

-latent prints are impressions produced by the rigid skin on human fingers, palms, and soles of the feet Amido black protein: used to detect blood present w/ latent prints by staining proteins in blood a blue-black color AFIS: Automated Fingerprint Ident System: 10-print system designed for searching an individuals fingerprints to determine whether a prior arrest record exists CJIS: Criminal Justice Information Services (FBI), maintains largest repositories of fingerprint records

107
Q

Forensic Photography

A

-responsible for imaging operations using traditional silver-based photographic process and digital imaging

108
Q

Lab Equipment

A

Spectograph: used to identify minute samples of a substance by burning the material and interpreting the light emitted from the burning process Spectrophotometer: used to analyze coloring agents in small samples such as those found in paint and cloth Gas chromatograph: used for isolating gases or liquids from complex solutions or mixtures, generally in the analysis of illicit drugs, plastics, and explosives Mass spectrometer: used to separate and record ions according to their characteristic masses; most commonly used in detecting trace elements in glass, ashes, and other inorganic material

109
Q

Fingerprinting

A

-used to identify criminal suspects, learn about suspects previous criminal history -humanitarian benefit: fingerprints can be used to identify missing persons, amnesia victims, and unknown deceased ppl, also used in disasters to identify ppl -NO TWO FINGERPRINTS HAVE BEEN FOUND TO BE ALIKE

110
Q

Types of Fingerprints

A

1) Latent print (patent print): when the entire pattern of whorls on the finger is transferred to an object when it is touched; includes prints that are visible to the naked eye, but also those that can be examined properly only after development 2) Plastic print: results when a finger presses against plastic material and leaves a negative impression of friction ridges 3) Visible print (dust print): results from being adulterated w/ some foreign material such as blood, flour or oil

111
Q

Groups of Fingerprint Patterns

A

1) The Arch 2) The Loop 2) The Whorl

112
Q

Searching for prints

A

-should begin at the place of entry by the criminal -another technique is shining a flashlight at an oblique angle

113
Q

Developing Latent Prints

A

-the sole purpose of developing/lifting a latent fingerprint impression, is to make it visible so that it can be preserved and compared

114
Q

Developing Latent Prints (Powders)

A

-if a print is clearly visible, it should be photographer prior to attempts at developing it -allow wet prints to dry before lifting -powder color should contrast w/ the surface -typical beginner error: too much powder, too little brushing

115
Q

Searching technique; also known as the quadrant method

A

Zone Search Method

116
Q

The degree of an illegal and addicting drugs legal use

A

Dependence

117
Q

The end or net result of the evidence collection process

A

Proof

118
Q

Secret location where auto thieves dismantle stolen vehicles for the purpose of selling the parts

A

Chop Shop

119
Q

Observing from a stationary location

A

Fixed Surveillance

120
Q

Robbery of stores or businesses located close to major thoroughfares such as main streets, highways, and interstates

A

Commercial Robbery

121
Q

A process of usning artificial intelligence by computers to make inferences based on available information, and to draw conclusions, or to make reccomendations to the system operators

A

Expert Systems

122
Q

A sureveillance 0eam responsible for briefing officers concerning their actions if a crime occurs

A

Inside Team

123
Q

When eyewitnesses compare line-up photographs w/ each other, rather than their memory

A

Relative Judgement

124
Q

Pyramid Scheme

A

A commonly used confidence game

125
Q

Unlawful taking of money or other assests from a bank through face-to-face interaction between suspect/victim

A

Bank Robbery

126
Q

Crystal Meth

A

A potent form of methamphetamine

127
Q

Dying Declaration

A

Must be:

  • rational & competent
  • ultimately die of their wounds
128
Q

Simultaneous v. Sequential Line Up

A

Simultaneous= witness views suspect photos ALL AT ONCE

Sequential= witness views suspect photos seperately

129
Q

Child Abuse

A

Physical, sexual, or emotional abuse of a child

130
Q

Vice Crimes

A
  • generally associated w/ organized crime
  • provide supply of illegal goods/services
131
Q

SCENE CONSCIOUSNESS

A

-when a crime scene investgator becomes aware of a crime scene, and is prepared to take certain immediate actions

132
Q

Working undercover for extended periods of time

A

Deep Cover

133
Q

Cyber-extortion

A

When a computer criminal extorts money from a victim

134
Q

Homicide

A

Unlawful killing of one human being, by another

135
Q

A statement made in response to a question, or a series of questions

A

Testimony

136
Q

Date Rape

A

When a victim and offender are aquainted before the crime

137
Q

A rapist who attempts to assert his manhood to the victim through sexual assault

A

Power Assertive Rapist

138
Q

A person who vents his anger and frustration toward the opposite sex by punishing them

A

Anger-retalitory rapist

139
Q

A criminal computer program that automatically transfers money to an illegal account whenever a legal transaction is made

A

Trojan Horse

140
Q

Feeling that a drug is necessary to one’s well-being

A

Psychological Dependence

141
Q

Exageration of evidence available, telling the person that the interrogator knows that he/she is guilty, or stressing the consequences of the crime

A

Maximization

142
Q

Materials used in spreading an arson fire

A

Trailers

143
Q

The covert process of gathering information on criminal activity

A

Intelligence gathering

144
Q

Admission

v.

Confession

A
  • Admission= incriminating statement made by a the suspect that falls short of an acknowledgement of guilt. It’s an acknowledgement of a certain fact/circumstance from which guilt can be inferred
  • Confession= a direct acknowledgement by the suspect of his/her guilt in the commission of a specific crime or as an integral part of a specific crime
145
Q

Preparations used to set an arson fire

A

Plants

146
Q

A child molester who views the victim as a substitute for an adult partner

A

Regressed Child Molester

147
Q

Types of Murders/Murderers

A
  • Serial Murder= murder of separate victims with time breaks as short as two days, to weeks, or months between murders
  • Mass Murder= four or more murders in a single incident within a short span of time
  • Sensational Murder= murder that arouses intense public interest
  • Spree Murder= killing in rampage fashion; someone who embarks on a murderous assault (two or more victims) in a short time, in multiple locations
148
Q

The stealing of merchandise

A

Pilferage

149
Q

Information that furnishes the agency with specifics about individuals, organizations, and different types of criminal activity

A

Tactical Intelligence

150
Q

Amatuer pilferers who are usually respectable persons and do not consider themselves as theives, yet are systematic shoplifters who steal merchandise for their own use rather than for resale

A

Snitches

151
Q

A type of robbery where robbers approach a car, smash a window, and rob the driver at gunpoint

A

$mash and grab robbery

152
Q

The arrest team in a surveillance

A

The outside team

153
Q

One who engages in some sort of child sexual exploitation

A

Child Molester

154
Q

Charting technique designed to show relationships between individuals and organizations using a graphic visual design

A

Link Analysis

155
Q

Items such as tools, liquor, and clothing that are indistinguishable from others like them

A

Fungible Goods

156
Q

Lividity

A

A bloodstain on the body of a deceased person

157
Q

Scientific Analysis of blood

A

Serology

158
Q

criminal presents sequentially changing information to an automated system to identify those items receiving a positive response

A

Scanning

159
Q

Pretrial Conference

A

Meeting between investigator and prosecutor at which prosecution stratagey is discussed

160
Q

Phase of the intelligence process whereby information is shared with other law enforcement agencies

A

Dissemination

161
Q

Legal standard used to determine the admissibility of scientific evidence

A

Frye Test

162
Q

Stationary/fixed surveillance= STAKEOUT

A
163
Q

Catagory of missing children that are most commonly encountered by law enforcement

A

Runaway/lost child

164
Q

set of illegal computer instructions designed to ruin computer hardware/software while reproducing itself in the computer when it is executed

A

Computer Virus

165
Q

Physical/psychological unwillingness to comply

A

Resistance

166
Q

False Data Entry

A

Data Diddling

167
Q

Criminal practice of gaining the confidence of a would-be victim for the sole purpose of swindling money from them

A

Confidence Game

168
Q

Type of crime where the offender is more concerned with financial gain and less prepared for violent altercations w/ the victim

A

Property Crime

169
Q

when highly suggestible and confused suspects actually begin to believe that they are guilty of the crime they didnt commit

A

Coerced Internalization

170
Q

children who suffer from physical abuse

A

battered children

171
Q

Fire Triangle

A
  • Heat
  • Fuel
  • Oxygen
172
Q

Computer generated composite of a suspected criminal

A

Indenti-kit

173
Q

Span of the fire

A

Physical characteristics of an arson fire such as: smoke, direction, flames, and distance of travel

174
Q

Money launderers go to different banks and purchase chasiers checks in denominations of less than $10,000 for the purpose of bypassing the reporting requirement

A

Smurfing

175
Q

Implication of restrictions on physical behavior; such as: prolonged interrogation and deprivation of water, food, or sleep

A

Duress

176
Q

When witnesses compare each photograph or person in a line-up only with their memory of what the offender looked like

A

Absolute Judgement

177
Q

Intelligence files that are maintained seperate from criminal investigation files to prevent unauthorized inspection

A

Closed Files

178
Q

Child molester who commits such crimes because of one of several external factors. Including: intoxication, drug abuse, mood or mental conditions, or other social conditions

A

Situational Child Molester

179
Q

Process of proposing a likely explanation for an event that must be tested

A

Abductive Reasoning

180
Q

Mara Salvatrucha

MS-13

Salvadoran gang

A
181
Q

Officers authority to search incident to an arrest

A

Scope of the Search

182
Q

Pigeon Drop

A

Type of Confidence game

183
Q

Professional shoplifters who resell stolen merchandise to pawn shops or fences at usually one-half to one-fourth the original price

A

Boosters

184
Q

Evidence that is not readily visible to the naked eye

A

Latent evidence

185
Q

An informational tracking system that demonstrates a chain of events or activites over a period of time

A

Flowcharting

186
Q

Destruction, theft, or unauthorized use, modification, or copying of information, programs, services, equipment, or communication networks

A

Cybercrime

187
Q

Pattern of crevices formed by the burning of a wooden structure

A

Alligatoring

188
Q

When a childs death is directly related to injuries suffered as a result of a specific incident, abuse, or act of negligence

A

Acute Maltreatment

189
Q

Check Kiting

A

Drawing cash on accounts made up of uncollected funds

190
Q

Information that provides the investigator with information as to the capabilities and intentions of target subjects

A

Strategic Intelligence

191
Q

Statement, object, or other item baring on or establishing the point in question in a court of law

A

Evidence

192
Q

Stationary Surveillance

Stakeout

Fixed Surveiellance

A
193
Q

Freebase

A

A method of ingesting cocaine in a purified form

194
Q

Robbery when an armed intruder breaks into a home and holds the residents at gun/knifepoint

A

Residential Robbery

195
Q

A physical condition that develops when a person needs increasing doses of a drug to experience its intial effects

A

Tolerance

196
Q

Act of adversely affecting evidence by allowing it to be tampered with or by not protecting the chain of custody

A

Contamination of Evidence

197
Q

Permits, in a court of law, the admission of relevant evidence that is helpful to the trier of fact

A

Relevancy Test

198
Q

The process of generating computer models to predict a terrorists actions

A

Data Mining

199
Q

Robbery committed on public streets and alleyways

A

Street Robbery

200
Q

Criminal information developed for the purpose of eventually making an arresr and gaining a conviction

A

Open Files

201
Q

When a child is removed from his/her family through force or trickery

A

Nonfamily abduction

202
Q

A child molester who has sexual desires focusing on children and typically has a more identifiable psychological disorder

A

Preferential Molester

203
Q

Legal principle that enables officers to search an automobile without a search warrant provided that they have probable cause to believe it contains contraband and that the vehicle is mobile

A

Carroll Doctrine

204
Q

Process of altering title documents for stolen automobiles

A

Tagging

205
Q

Information and data of investigative value that is stored in or transmitted by an electronic device

A

Electronic Evidence

206
Q

Method of collecting information involving personal interaction with individuals, many of whom are witnesses to crimes, victims of crimes, or the suspects themselves

A

Overt information collection

207
Q

Prevention through deterrence that is sometimes achieved by arresting the criminal and by aggressive prosecution

A

Preventive Response

208
Q

Federal law passes in 1970 to require reporting of large-scale case transactions

A

Bank Secrecy Act (BSA)

209
Q

Use or threat of illegal physical means to induce a suspect to make an admission or confession

A

Coercion

210
Q

Criminal endeavor in which stolen vehicles are disposed of

A

Stripping Operation

211
Q

Cancellation bulletin for stolen credit cards

A

Hot List

212
Q

Basis of sexual misconduct w/ children

A

Pedophilia

213
Q

Process of comparing texts carefully to clarify or give meaning to information

A

Collation

214
Q

Burglary

A

A covert crime in which the criminal works during the nighttime, outside the presence of witnesses

215
Q

Process of one person assuming the identity of an authorized computer user by acquiring the victims items, knowledge, or characteristics

A

Masquerading

216
Q

Class of illicit drugs that are specifically designed to emulate controlled substances

A

Designer Drugs

217
Q

Exemplars

A

Samples, as of a suspects handwriting

218
Q

One whose primary sexual orientation is toward children and whose sociosexual maturation as a result of unresolved conflicts in his/her development

A

Fixated Child Molester

219
Q

Evidence in an arson case that shows motive. This includes financial records, inflated insurance coverage, little or no inventory, and excessive debts

A

Paper Trail

220
Q

Fingerprints that are nonvisible unless developed through a fingerprint-lifting process

A

Latent Finger Prints

221
Q

When a car thief purchases a wrecked vehicle that is unrepairable, strictly for its certificate of title and for the vehicle identification number

A

Salvage Switch

222
Q

Reactive Response

A

An approach to crime solving that addresses crimes that have already occurred, such as murder, robbery, and burglary.

223
Q

Practice of observing suspected drug traffickers to develop a pattern of behavior that would constitute legal cause for a stop and search by police

A

Drug Courrier Profile

224
Q

Terry Doctrine

A

A legal principle that states that the police have the authority to detain a person even w/o probable cause if the person is believed to have committed a crime

225
Q

Proactive Response

A

An investigative approach to crime solving in which criminal activity is investigated before it occurs

226
Q

A process in which DNA strips can be rapidly reproduced for scientific analysis

A

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

227
Q

Criminals who defraud; for example, attempt to obtain prescriptions for controlled drugs

A

Scammers

228
Q

Binding material

A

Material used to incapacitate a victim during the course of a robbery

229
Q

A clandestine process of data collection on criminal acts that have not yet occurred but for which the investigator must prepare

A

Covert information collection

230
Q

A fingerprint impression left when a person presses against a plastic material such as putty, wax, or tar

A

Plastic Fingerprint

231
Q

A surveillance officer, sometimes called an intelligence, cover, or tactical officer, who works in plainclothes and who works with the undercover unit but not in an undercover capacity

A

Support Officer

232
Q

Occurs when a childs death is directly related to injuries caused by maltreatment or neglect occurring over an extended period

A

Chronic Maltreatment

233
Q

The use of fear tactics that include direct threat, intimidation, or actual physical abuse

A

Coerced-compliant confessions

234
Q

Databases that permit fast and easy sorting of large records

A

Relational Databases

235
Q

Pitfalls of Intelligence Gathering

A
  • Intelligence operations can be subject to abuse
  • inappropriate to focus intel operations based on political activites, or views that are perceived to threaten coventional doctrines
  • use of law enforcement intelligence resources to intimidate, inhibit, or suppress such activity is unethical
236
Q

Uses of Intelligence

A
  • International/domestic terrorism
  • organized crime
  • information gathering by individual officers is at the heart of any intel operation
  • raw information is convrted into intelligence through a process of:
    • information evaluation
    • collation
    • analysis
    • disemination
  • Intelligence does not produce decisions, it provides the decision makers with information to make their decisions
237
Q

Overt and Covert Intelligence Collection

A

Overt information collection: includes personal interaction w/ people, many of whom are witnesses, victims, or suspects themselves; patrol division is especially instrumental in the overt information collection process

Covert information collection: most common, includes a process known as intelligence gathering; process of data collection on criminal acts that have not yet occurred, but for which the investigator must prepare; includes:

  • physical surveillance
  • electronic surveillance
  • informants
  • undercover officers
238
Q

Criminal Intelligence

A
  • knowledge of past, present, or future criminal activity that results from the collection of information that, when evaluated, provides the user with a basis for rational decision making
  • intelligence unit is more of STAFF FUNCTION, as they provide support to line personnel
239
Q

Criminal Intelligence v. Criminal Investigation

A
  • criminal investigations are reactive; intelligenge ops are proactive
  • crimnial investigators generally work with deductive logic (general to the specific); intelligence operators generally work with inductive logic (specific to general)
  • investigative case files are generally open files: they contain info for the purpose of eventually making an arrest and gaining a conviction in a court of law
  • intelligence files are generally closed files: they contain information regarding ongoing criminal activity, much of which has not been verified as factual
  • Successful culmination of of a criminal investigation= arrest/conviction of a suspect, whereas successful culmination of an intelligence operation is the cataloging of an intelligence product
240
Q

Strategic v. Tactical Intelligence

A

Strategic intelligence: is a tool for long-range planning; provides information about the capabilities and intentions of targets

Tactical intelligence: targets criminal activity considered to be of immediate importance to the investigator; furnishes specifics about individuals, organizations, and different types of criminal activity

241
Q

Phases of Intelligence Gathering

A

Phase 1= Target Selection

  • Utility
  • Probability of success
  • Required resources
  • Objective

Phase 2= Data Collection

  • info gathered from intel invetigators
  • info from nonintel units (fingerprints, warrant files, traffic records
  • info from other fed, state, local jurisdictions
  • info from non law enforcement agencies (credit records, utility companies, trial records)

Phase 3= Data Collation and Analysis

  • collation= process of comparing texts and assigning meaning
  • linked data charts, flowcharts, frequency of distribution charts

Phase 4= Dissemination

  • stage that most commonly breaks down
  • process of distributing intel information to other law enforcement agencies
242
Q

Analyzing Information

A

Analysis= purpose is to make fragmented information flow in a logical sequence to make it purposeful to the user

Several methods of analysis exist: Data description and integration

  • Link Analysis
  • Flowcharting
    • Event flow analysis
    • Commodity flow analysis
243
Q

Link Analysis

A

-Link analysis charting is a technique designed to show relationships between individuals and organizations using a graphical visual design; shows graphically, what is too complex to assimilate through written reports

  • assembly of raw data
  • selection of certain data points
  • construction of a collation matrix showing the data points
  • entry of the association on the matrix
  • tabulation of the number of association points on the matrix
  • designation of the types of relationships by drawing different types of lines from one association point to another
  • relationships of individuals to organizations by contstructing circles for indiv. and boxes for businesses
  • examination of final diagram and recommendations regarding a course of action
244
Q

Role of Intelligence Analyst

A
  • guide data collection
  • suggest operational recommendations
  • provide information to decision makers
  • assume a position of noninvolvement in policy formation
245
Q

Flowcharting

A
  • demonstrates a chain of events or activities over a period of time

Event Flow Analysis: descriptions of events, connected to other events

Commodity Flow Analysis: charts the logical flow of commodities such as drugs, money, illegal arms shipments; drug distribution networks: if money can be traced to its origin; useful in investigating the main drug kingpin

246
Q

RISS Projects

(Regional Information Sharing Systems)

A
  • funded anually by U.S Congress; part of the Justice Dept
  • primary basis for est. of the six RISS projects is to provide criminal justice agencies throughout established regions with a means by which ciminal intelligence can be shared amoung member agencies
  • services such as: centralized database; analysis of intel and investigative data; specialized equip to loan; confidential funds; technical assistance; technical assistance; specialized training; access to telecommunications systems
  • GOAL of the RISS projects is to aid state and local law enforcement agencies in the organizing and sharing of criminal intelligence
247
Q

Auditing and Purging Intelligence Files

A
  • intel files that are no longer accurate/relevant to the mission, do not pertain to investigative interests/activities should be purged
  • a record of any purged file should be maintained
  • a yearly review of files to be purged is recommended
248
Q

Officers who collect and document evidence found at crime scenes are referred to as _____________

A

Evidence Custodians

249
Q

Electronic Surveillance and Wiretaps

A
  • -Katz v. U.S* (1967): public telephone booth; court held that a warrant is required to unveil what a person makes an effort to keep quiet, even in public spaces
  • -Lee v. Florida* (1968): court applied the Federal Communications Act to telephone conversations that might be the subject of a police investigation; the only person who has the authority to permit eavesdropping (according to the act) is the sender of the message
  • Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968: prohibits wiretaps, but allows L/E to listen to electronic communications when:
  1. officer is one of the parties involved in the communications
  2. one of the parties is not the officer but willingly decides to share the communication with the officer
  3. officer obtains a warrant based on probable cause

-US v. White (1971): L/E may interecept electronic information when one of the parties involved in the communication gives consent, even w/o warrant

250
Q

Minimization of Electronic Surveillance

A
  • U.S v. Scott (1978)
  • Minimization: officers must make every reasonable effort to monitor only conversations that are specifically related to the criminal activity being investigated. Once it becomes clear that a conversation is innocent/unrelated, officers must cease listening
251
Q
A

Criminal Investigation: Lyman (8 decks)

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