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psychology component 3 > Criminal Behaviours > Flashcards

Criminal Behaviours Flashcards

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1
Q

What is crime?

A

An act prohibited by law and punished by the state
An action considered to be a violation of moral or religious code
Violates norms of society

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2
Q

What do they believe crime is?

A

A social construct

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3
Q

How is crime a social construct

A

It’s flexible
Laws can change
The definition is not fixed

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4
Q

What are two types of crime

A

Property fraudulent crime
Interpersonal violence general

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5
Q

What is property fraudulent crime?

A

Deceit or manipulation

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6
Q

What is interpersonal violence general?

A

Threaten or cause harm

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7
Q

What is a career criminal?

A

When the person chooses to be a criminal and becomes a habitual offender

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8
Q

What are the traits of a career criminal?

A

Rationalisation
Entitlement
Asocial value system
Sentimentality
Impulsive
Family dysfunctional
Easily distracted
Power centric
Invincibility
Cognitive laziness

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9
Q

What are the 4 types of criminals?

A

Visionary serial killers
Mission orientated
Hedonistic serial killers
Power control serial killers

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10
Q

What are visionary serial killers?

A

Motivated to kill by voices or visions
Kill quickly
Genetic, brain injury or structure
Orders from god or the devil

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11
Q

What are mission orientated serial killers?

A

Believe they have a calling to eliminate a certain problem
They have a goal
And a reason to kill

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12
Q

What are hedonistic serial killers?

A

Lust/ thrill orientated
Murder is erotic and have sexual gratification
Comfort killer for personal gain, geographically mobile

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13
Q

What are power control serial killers

A

Derive sexual gratification from domination of the life of another
Aware of the norms and values in society
They prolong crimes

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14
Q

What is one biological explanation of crime?

A

Inherited criminality

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15
Q

What is inherited criminality

A

Certain genetic combinations predispose individuals to criminal behaviour

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16
Q

What are the three examples of inherited criminality

A

Family/ twin research
Candidate genes
Diathesis stress model

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17
Q

What are identical twins known as

A

Monozygotic = 100% the same gene

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18
Q

What are non identical twins known as

A

Dizygotic = 50% the same gene

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19
Q

What did Osborn and west say about family research?

A

40% of sons with fathers who had committed crime had records
13% of sons with fathers who had not committed crime had records
Suggest criminal behaviour may be inherited

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20
Q

What is the evaluation of Osborn and west?

A

AO3 Doesn’t consider environmental factors that have led to this correlation (upbringing and socialisation)

21
Q

What does rosanoff et al say about twin research?

A

97 twin pairs
Male MZ (67%) and DZ (17%)
Suggest some genetic influence in criminal behaviour

22
Q

What is the evaluation of twin research

A

AO3 Not 100% concordance rate, some other factors are influencing the development of criminal behaviour

23
Q

Is crime caused by genes?

A

Some genes link to behavioural tendencies eg violence and aggression

24
Q

What are candidate genes?

A

Genes identified that could play a role in the development of a disease

25
Q

What is the MAOA gene

A

The warrior gene
MAOA enzyme breaks down neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine)

26
Q

What does low activity MAOA mean?

A

There is less breakdown of neurotransmitters
Causes a build up of neurotransmitters
Causes more agression

27
Q

What did Brunner et al say about MAOA

A

analysed DNA of 28 male members of a Dutch family
History of impulsive and violent crimes such as rape and murder
Men shared mutation of MAOA gene = low levels of MAPA
shows inherited genes

28
Q

What is CDH13?

A

Gene involved in neural connectivity

29
Q

What is CDH13 linked to?

A

ADHD, depression, substance misuse

30
Q

What did Tiihoen et al say about CDH13?

A

900 Finnish offenders
Low MAOA activity and low CDH13 estimated 5-10% of all violent crimes is due to abnormalities in two genes

31
Q

What is the diathesis stress model?

A

A more modern example
Crime can trigger a genetic by an environmental factor

32
Q

How is the diathesis stress model shown?

A

MAOA—> bad environment —> criminal behaviour

33
Q

What did Caspi et al say about the diathesis stress model

A

Longitudinal study
1000 people in the 1970s
Antisocial behaviour assessed at 26
12% of men who had MAOA gene had experienced maltreatment in childhood
Were responsible for 44% of violent convictions

34
Q

What is the evaluation of inherited criminality?

A

Supporting research
Biological reductionism
Biological determinism
Non violent crimes

35
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of supporting research for inherited criminality

A

+ supporting evidence
- ignores environmental factors

36
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of biological reductionism in inherited criminality

A

+ pinpoints problem
+ a treatment can be established
- too simple to suggest all crime is caused by genetics
- ignores all external factors

37
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of biological determinism in inherited criminality

A

+ makes behaviour more predictable
+ early intervention, can mitigate the problem
- can excuse people’s behaviour
- let them get away with it

38
Q

What are the weaknesses of non violent crimes in inherited criminality

A

Focuses towards violent crimes
Incomplete explanation = fraud

39
Q

What are the weaknesses of eugenics in inherited criminality

A

Can encourage eugenic ideas
People with MAOA and CDH13 could be encouraged not to reproduce
Unethical when people have done nothing wrong
Moral issue

40
Q

What is the amygdala

A

Part of limbic system
Influences behaviour involved in emotion and motivation
Plays role in how we perceive and respond to threats in environment

41
Q

What is IED

A

intermittent explosive disorder
Impulsive and agressive
Study=
Each p viewer images of faces whilst having fMRI scan
Show high amygdala activity when viewing angry faces
Showing agressive tendencies which makes them vulnerable to criminal behaviour

42
Q

What is fear conditioning

A

Learning that agressive behaviour leads to punishment or other negative outcomes

43
Q

Why does dysfunction of the amygdala lead to agressive behaviour

A

The child is not able to identify social cues that indicate threat
They do not link punishment to their aggressive behaviour
The seem fearless and overly agressive

44
Q

How can dysfunction of the amygdala explain criminal behaviour

A

They cannot identify the issue with their crime and would commit it anyway

45
Q

What did Raine find in the role of the amygdala

A

Hemispheric asymmetry in amygdala functioning
Reduced left activity and greater right activity
= lack of fear, lack of empathy, lack of remorse and guilt

46
Q

How can Raines evidence in role of amygdala explain criminal behaviour

A

Lack of fear = not scared of repoussions
Lack of remise = nothing stopping them from committing crime such as murder

47
Q

Advantages of role of the amygdala

A

Supporting evidence
Raine et al
Uses brain scans which makes it more credible and reliable

48
Q

Disadvantages of role of the amygdala

A

Other brain areas are linked to criminality, not just the amygdala, not enough to count for criminal behaviour
Biological reductionism, too simple to explain crime and dysfunctional amygdala
Doesn’t consider other factors

Suggest individuals has no control over amygdala, people can get away with crimes

Doesn’t explain non violent crimes

psychology component 3 (4 decks)

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