Criminal Behaviour: Modifications

Question 1

What are the two types of modification for criminal behaviour?

Answer 1

Anger management and restorative justice

Question 2

What are three key components of restorative justice?

Answer 2

1. Focus on rehabilitation of offenders through reconcilliation with victims
2. Empowers victims~give them a voice
3. Focus on positive outcomes for survivors and offenders

Question 3

What are the two key aims of custodial sentencing?

Answer 3

Rehabilitation of offenders and attonement for wrongdoings

Question 4

What does rehabilitation of offenders aim to do?

Answer 4

Encourage them to take responsibility~Develop empathy and understand victim’s viewpoint=Offender less likely to offend again

Question 5

Describe each

What are the two types of attonment ?

Answer 5

1. Physical-compensation,community work etc
2. Psychological-shows feelings of guilt and remorse

Question 6

Wachet and McCold

Who is involved in restorative justice?

Answer 6

Fully restorative RJ requires all 3 stakeholders:victim,offender and community~this creates a peace circle
Wachet and McCold=Starting point should be focused on relationships rather than punishment~any harm caused should be healed as much as possible

Question 7

List variations of RJ

Answer 7

• Letters
• phone calls
• financial restitution~may reflect physical or psychological harm
• May repair the damage themselves
• Replacement for custodial sentencing, an add on or an incentive to have a reduced sentencing

Question 8

Three points

What are the effectiveness evaluation points of restorative justice?

Answer 8

• Victim perspective
• Recidivism
• Not applicable to all offeneders,victims and crimes

Question 9

Describe the two case studies which support victim perspective for restorative justice

Answer 9

• Sherman and Strang(2007):reviewed previous randomised control trials~compaired to conventional methods, victims of crime were less likely to develop PTSD
• Restorative justice council(2015):reported 85% satisfaction from victims in face-to-face meetings with their offenders

Question 10

What case study goes against victim’s perspective for restorative justice?

Answer 10

Miers(2001):significant proportion of victims were skeptical about the offender’s motives e.g. only agreeing to take part for reduced sentance
Also some victims found having direct contact with the offender is unsettling and intimidating experience

Question 11

Define recidivism

Answer 11

The tenedency of a convict to reoffend

Question 12

Describe the case study that supports RJ for recidvism

Answer 12

Sherman and Strang (2007):for adult offenders RJ was more affective that prison sentancing for reducing recidvism. For young offenders it was equally as affective

Question 13

Describe the case study that goes against RJ for recidivism

Answer 13

RJ council (2015):Overall recidvism rate after RJ is still 37%

Question 14

What cognitive distortion could anger management link to?

Answer 14

Hostile attribution bias

Question 15

What are the short term and long term goals of anger management?

Answer 15

1. Short term=Reduce anger and agression in prisons
2. Long temr=Reduces the re-offending rate and promotes rehabilitation of offenders

Question 16

Describe the three aims of any anger management programme according to Novaco

Answer 16

1. Cognitive restructuring:Greater self-awareness and control over cognitive triggers
2. Regulation of arousal:Control of physiological state
3. Behavioural stratergies:Problemt solving skills, strategic withdrawl and assertiveness

Question 17

What are the three stages of anger managment?

Answer 17

Conceptualisation, skill acquisiton and application practice

Question 18

Describe conceptualisation in anger management

Answer 18

Reflect on past experiance and recognise patterns of their anger
* learn triggers
* learn if their interpretations are irrational via therapsit input
* therapist attenpts to break down their automatic response

Question 19

Describe skill acquisiton in anger managment

Answer 19

Introduce range of techniques and skills to help deal with anger-provoking situations more rationally and effectively. This includes
* ‘stop and think’
* cognitive flexiblity

Question 20

Describe application practice in anger managment

Answer 20

Given opportunity to to role play and practice their skills~must be comitted and see the role play scenario as real for it to be effective
successful=positive reinforcement

Question 20

What are the evaluation points of anger management?

Answer 20

• Effectivness
• Research support
• Attrition rates
• Anger may not cause offending