Criminal Behaviour: Modifications Flashcards
What are the two types of modification for criminal behaviour?
Anger management and restorative justice
What are three key components of restorative justice?
- Focus on rehabilitation of offenders through reconcilliation with victims
- Empowers victims~give them a voice
- Focus on positive outcomes for survivors and offenders
What are the two key aims of custodial sentencing?
Rehabilitation of offenders and attonement for wrongdoings
What does rehabilitation of offenders aim to do?
Encourage them to take responsibility~Develop empathy and understand victim’s viewpoint=Offender less likely to offend again
Describe each
What are the two types of attonment ?
- Physical-compensation,community work etc
- Psychological-shows feelings of guilt and remorse
Wachet and McCold
Who is involved in restorative justice?
Fully restorative RJ requires all 3 stakeholders:victim,offender and community~this creates a peace circle
Wachet and McCold=Starting point should be focused on relationships rather than punishment~any harm caused should be healed as much as possible
List variations of RJ
- Letters
- phone calls
- financial restitution~may reflect physical or psychological harm
- May repair the damage themselves
- Replacement for custodial sentencing, an add on or an incentive to have a reduced sentencing
Three points
What are the effectiveness evaluation points of restorative justice?
- Victim perspective
- Recidivism
- Not applicable to all offeneders,victims and crimes
Describe the two case studies which support victim perspective for restorative justice
- Sherman and Strang(2007):reviewed previous randomised control trials~compaired to conventional methods, victims of crime were less likely to develop PTSD
- Restorative justice council(2015):reported 85% satisfaction from victims in face-to-face meetings with their offenders
What case study goes against victim’s perspective for restorative justice?
Miers(2001):significant proportion of victims were skeptical about the offender’s motives e.g. only agreeing to take part for reduced sentance
Also some victims found having direct contact with the offender is unsettling and intimidating experience
Define recidivism
The tenedency of a convict to reoffend
Describe the case study that supports RJ for recidvism
Sherman and Strang (2007):for adult offenders RJ was more affective that prison sentancing for reducing recidvism. For young offenders it was equally as affective
Describe the case study that goes against RJ for recidivism
RJ council (2015):Overall recidvism rate after RJ is still 37%
What cognitive distortion could anger management link to?
Hostile attribution bias
What are the short term and long term goals of anger management?
- Short term=Reduce anger and agression in prisons
- Long temr=Reduces the re-offending rate and promotes rehabilitation of offenders
Describe the three aims of any anger management programme according to Novaco
- Cognitive restructuring:Greater self-awareness and control over cognitive triggers
- Regulation of arousal:Control of physiological state
- Behavioural stratergies:Problemt solving skills, strategic withdrawl and assertiveness
What are the three stages of anger managment?
Conceptualisation, skill acquisiton and application practice
Describe conceptualisation in anger management
Reflect on past experiance and recognise patterns of their anger
* learn triggers
* learn if their interpretations are irrational via therapsit input
* therapist attenpts to break down their automatic response
Describe skill acquisiton in anger managment
Introduce range of techniques and skills to help deal with anger-provoking situations more rationally and effectively. This includes
* ‘stop and think’
* cognitive flexiblity
Describe application practice in anger managment
Given opportunity to to role play and practice their skills~must be comitted and see the role play scenario as real for it to be effective
successful=positive reinforcement
What are the evaluation points of anger management?
- Effectivness
- Research support
- Attrition rates
- Anger may not cause offending
