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Criminal Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the key question for criminal

A

Are eye witness testimonies reliable?

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2
Q

Post event information

A

Their own pre-existing knowledge is contaminated by pre existing schema, expectations, what the witnesses say, how police ask questions, media reporting

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3
Q

What method was used for the criminal exam

A

Interviews

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4
Q

Aim of my criminal exam

A

To investigate whether Ps given a cognitive interview after witnessing an armed robbery will yield more correct facts than Ps who are given standard interviews

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5
Q

Hypothesis for my criminal exam

A

I believe that Ps who were given the standard interview will provide less correct facts than those who had the cognitive interview

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6
Q

Nul hypothesis for criminal

A

There will be no difference

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7
Q

IV of my criminal exam

A

Cognitive interview or standard interview

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8
Q

Dependent variable of my criminal exam

A

How many correct facts

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9
Q

What group design was used in my criminal

A

Independent group design

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10
Q

Procedure of my criminal psychology exam

A

Students from 2 psychology classes were randomly given either a CI or SI- the psych students then found Ps to interview who were then instructed to sit in the center of the room in silence while watching the same crime take place. Once the video had finished they were taken to a silent area and interviewed by the psych students 1-1 and the psych students watched the crime, ticking off each correct piece of info mentioned. The scores were then tallied onto a chart. Watched vid once

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11
Q

What type of sample was used in criminal psych

A

Opportunity 16

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12
Q

What was the finding of my criminal exam

A

CI had 14 mean and SI had 11.9 mean, critical value was 15 so we accept our null hypothesis

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13
Q

What type of data was collected in my criminal psych

A

Ordinal data and Mann Whitney u

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14
Q

Conclusion of my criminal study

A

There was very little difference between SI and CI and our critical value of U=15 was too small meaning there was not enough difference and our null hypothesis is accepted

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15
Q

Weaknesses of my criminal exp

A
  • ethical difficulties as may be upsetting to some viewers
    -some ppts were psych students emanating although it was generalizable, they new about the protocol and they were only SW students so there needed to be a wider range
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16
Q

What can effect EWT

A

-alcohol consumption
-pre-trail publicity
-schemas and pre-existing knowledge
-appearance
-WFE
-contamination
-time
How they were interviewed

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17
Q

Why mights someone commit a crime

A

-XYY
-amygdala impairment
-social influence
-labelling theory
-mental health
- psychoticism
-self-fulfilling prophecy
- FL damage
-neglect
-warrior gene

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18
Q

Generalizability of lotus and palmer

A

The ps were all psych students meaning they understand and have knowledge about the memory so will be more likely t second guess

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19
Q

Reliability of LnP

A

7 health and safety vids shown and these can easily be replicated for accurate results, all ps also saw the same thing meaning there was no confounding variables under the controlled conditions

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20
Q

Application of LnP

A

The case of Ronald Cotton who was falsely accused of rape as the victim was led to believe it was him

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21
Q

Validity of LnP

A

Lab experiment - artificial environment however no outside influence howvever isn’t true to real lie crimes as it is expected for something to happen

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22
Q

Thicality of LnP

A

Saw a video of car crash so may be distressing

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23
Q

Gender differences in personality and temperament

A

Women typically have less testosterone and culturally are raised to be caring and less protective

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24
Q

Gender differences in labelling theory and SPF

A

Men are more likely to be labeled as criminals due to official bias and stereotypes

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25
Q

Gender differences in XYY

A

Only effects men as women don’t typically have the Y chromosome

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26
Q

Gender differences in brain injury

A

Men being more likely to get injured due to more psychical work and interests

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27
Q

Experiment 1 LnP sample

A

45 students, uni of Washington, opportunity sample

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28
Q

Experiment 1 LNP procedure

A

Lab experiment, 5 conditions only 1 to each ppt, independent measures, 1-7 traffic accident films in a random order to each group for 5-30seconds, they were then asked questions like ‘how fast were they going when they crashed’ with wording changed to hit, contacted, bumped, smashed and collided

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29
Q

IV of LnP exp1

A

Wording of Q

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30
Q

DV of LnP speed reported by Ps

A
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31
Q

Exp 1 results LnP

A

Contacted (31.8)
Hit (34)
Bumped (38.1)
Collided (39.3)
Smash (40.8)
Estimated speed affected by verb used

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32
Q

Exp 2 results LnP

A

Saw glass-
Smash- 16
Hit- 7
Control-6
Didn’t see glass-
34
40
44

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33
Q

Exp 2 LnP procedure

A

Were shown multiple accidents for 1 min or 4 secs and then a series of Q asked to sets of 50 students and then 1 week later without rewatching were asked 10 Qs- one random and one critical e.g did you see any broken glass when there wasn’t any

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34
Q

Exp 1 LnP sample

A

150 students

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35
Q

IV and DV of exp 1 LnP

A

IV- type of Q asked
DV- one random and one critical Q asked without rewatching the videos

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36
Q

What were the 3 options of Q asked in LnP

A

50- how fast were the car going when they hit each other
50- how fast were the car going when they smashed each other
50- not asked a Q (control)

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37
Q

Why was the ethical interview invented

A

Should treat suspects with respect and equals

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38
Q

Due process

A

Individual has rights which must be adhered to despite criminal justice system

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39
Q

Baldwin 1992

A

Looked over 400 or more police interviews where standards were low and there was many problems with process by the officers leading them astray

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40
Q

What did Baldwin suggest

A

That SI took a strong and provocative approach, leading to suspects refusing to take part and interviews being too judgmental

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41
Q

Purpose of PEACE

A

Meant to build trust and make the suspect feel they’re listened to as part of the ethical interview

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42
Q

P in peace interview

A

Planning and prep
Should get to know the case and plan before the interview

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43
Q

E in peace

A

Engage and explain
Report built alongside suspect make them feel comfortable

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44
Q

A in peace

A

Account
Individual asked to mention what they saw and is decided ho this is elicited in planning stage

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45
Q

C in peace

A

Closure
Maintain report and bring it to a comfortable end

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46
Q

E in peace

A

Evaluate
Evaluated against required aims to look at material that is obtained

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47
Q

Weakness of Ei

A

Practical issues as it requires specialist training in order to use peace effectively- this would be cost and time effective

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48
Q

Strengths of EI

A

Practical application to society as it linked to the improvement in the reliability of EWT as well as improving societies view on the police

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49
Q

When is the CI used

A

For cooperative witnesses

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50
Q

Simple technique

A

Provide open Q to tell the witness to report everything they remember

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51
Q

Context reinstatement

A

Encourages retrieval of visual place and scenario through pics or place

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52
Q

Reverse the temporal order of recall techniques

A

Makes the witness recall most recent episodic scenes by going backwards so they cant lie

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53
Q

Change perspective technique

A

Triggers more info and gets witness to see the bigger picture from the event

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54
Q

What did Geisleman 1986 see

A

Found that CI decreased the witnesses susceptibility to misleading Q and prevented original memory trace from being altered

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55
Q

Fisher 1990

A

Carried out a field test on the use of CI by comparing the performance of police before and after CI training. Detectives collected more info after training and most was accurate and there was more confabulation in witness statement

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56
Q

Independent

A

Differences recorded

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57
Q

Dependent

A

What was recorded

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58
Q

WFE

A

If a witness to a crime that involves a weapon, they will focus more attention on the weapon and remember more details

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59
Q

Tunnel theory

A

Excludes other competing information as the weapon produces a form of selective attention

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60
Q

Loftus WFE

A

Argues the weapon draws attention from the less dramatic visual info as Ps looked longer at the gun in a slide sequence

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61
Q

Pickle WFE

A

It’s the unusualness and the unexpected that draws the attention towards the weapon

62
Q

Who are jurors

A

Randomly selected individuals who are seen as equals t the offender

63
Q

John Massey

A

Killed a bouncer during a pub crawl and was found to have amygdala shrinkage, child abuse and his mum leaves hi, psychopathic personality,lack of feeling for other people and was shown different facial expressions to see how he would react, had a steady role as the driver for robbing banks

64
Q

What can effect jurors

A

Accent, race, appearance, background, in group, media, gender

65
Q

Why might a crime be committed

A

XYY, excess testosterone, neglect, amygdala impairment, SFP and labelling, social influence, mental health, psychoticism, FL damage and the warrior gene

66
Q

How could cognitive behavioral therapy be used

A
  1. Tiggers
  2. Faulty cognitions
  3. Coping mechanisms
  4. Role play
67
Q

How does dopamine link to agg

A

Agg activates the release of dopamine and generates the reward feelings and euphoria

68
Q

What are dopamine antagonists

A

Chemicals that reduce the dopamine activity and in turn agg behavior- antipsychotics such as riperidone

69
Q

What did leblanc study

A

Boys with conduct disorder or oppositional disorder

70
Q

What did Leblanc study find

A

After6 weeks, those who were treated with risperidone showed a 56.4% reduction in agg compared to the placebo 21.7%

71
Q

What does MPA/ Depo-provera do

A

Reduces sexual drive and deviant sexual fantasies by reducing levels of testosterone

72
Q

What is labelling theory

A

How we classify ourselves and others using ‘labels’ whom then defines that person
Social- peers effect and determine behavior of others
Stereotypes are used t place people as criminals depending on race, gender, age and more

73
Q

How does labelling theory lead to criminality

A

The individual is labeled as deviant which may lead to rejection from groups and leads to the deownfall

74
Q

Master status

A

Becomes this as its the only thing they are known for

75
Q

Deviance amplification

A

Commit more crime or join the wrong groups as you identify with it now

76
Q

What did ramatour and Farrington

A

Identify gender differences in participation for violent crime- females criminals are much more effected by negative parenting labelling and formal labelling than males however they are still effected by informal labelling

77
Q

Bessemer

A

Looked at the extent to which children of convicted parents had a higher risk of conviction themselves due to official bias and found there was a link between the two and other social influences were involved regardless of whether. Parent had a record

78
Q

Official bias

A

Criminal justice system focuses on certain families due to stereotypes that they follow

79
Q

SFP

A

When individuals who are labeled begin to believe the label given and fulfill the expectations

80
Q

4 steps of SFP

A

Our actions, others beliefs, others actions, our beliefs

81
Q

Jahoda

A

Studied males born on Monday (peaceful) and Wednesday ( aggressive) and found that criminal records of those born on wed were more likely to commit a crime with arrest rates of 22% compared to the 6%

82
Q

Strength aNd weakness of SFP

A

Explanation for crime, unable to gather experimental evidence as it is psychological

83
Q

Aim of Yuille and Cutshall

A

Wanted to investigate the accuracy in recall of EW to a real crime, in response to leading Q and overtime

84
Q

What type of experiment was YnC

A

Field exp/ after event with real gun shooting

85
Q

Crime in YnC

A

Their entered a gun shop and tied up owner who later freed himself in hopes of getting number plate however was shot and he in turn shot the thief with 21 witnesses

86
Q

Procedure of YnC

A

21 EW interviewed by police howver this was volunteer in the study as 13 agreed to be a par after 4-5 months of the event.
The researchers interviewed the Ps using the same procedure as the police and then half the group was asked if they saw a broken headlight or the broken headlight
The other half of Ps were asked about the or a yellow panel on the car
And finally they were asked to rate the stress hey felt during the event with any emotional issues

87
Q

Results of YnC

A

10 of the EW sai there was no broken headlight or yellow panel which was correct

88
Q

Conclusion of YnC

A

Within an unmanipulated real case, it was useful to find that EW are actually very reliable

89
Q

Strengths of YnC

A

-field study so has validity
-scoring procedure allowed for reliable finings as care was taken when assessing the details of the event
- qualitataive and quantitiavte data was provided meaning there was no subject interpretation

90
Q

Weakness of YnC

A
  • lacs generalizability asit was a one off incident and may be flashbulb memory where some events are remembered in more detail
    -when asked about age for scoring they were said to be inaccurate however this was subjective
91
Q

Evaluation of FLD

A

Reductionist as it doesn’t take into acc environmental
Phone as Gage-supporting evidence
Opposing- (raine) psychopaths and social learning with Bandura
Links to amygdala-reductionist as cant regulate emotions like impulsivity soleads to impulsive actions

92
Q

Evaluation of amygdala impairment

A

Opposing- eysencks personality theory and other biological explanations, banduras social influence eg nurture
Pardini- reduced volume ppts more likely to be agg
Yang- aimed to detect abnormalities and showed results of volume reduction in psycophats- androcentric as only males
SM Feinstein- lack of fight or flight so more likely to take risks however amygdala is never the whole story
Application- useful for fear therapy, Charles Whitman and John Massey

93
Q

Evaluation of personality theory

A

Eysenck- support that the role of personality can play a role in your emotions and psychopathy howver is reductionist as categories are linear and your personality type can change Ailey and be influenced- doesn’t account for personality disorders
Boduszek- support as assessed recidivism an found personality played a large role with high levels of psychoticism and extroversion
Opposing- bandura, internal and external locus with obedience, Milgram’s obedience

94
Q

What does amygdala impairment cause

A

Controls emotions responses in the brain, reading the fight or flight response and when this is effected then fear or aggression can not be processed correctly and often link to higher criminal behaviors

95
Q

Yang aim

A

To detect abnormalities in the amygdala in individuals with psychopathy

96
Q

Yang procedure and sample

A

27 psycchopathic and 32 matched control who were examined through amygdala volumes

97
Q

Yang results

A

Psychopathy showed significant volume reductions in comparison to controls (left 17.1% and right was 18.9%)

98
Q

Yang evaluation

A

Many are born with psychopathy and not all brain damage has this effect- environment an genes an play a role

99
Q

SM case

A

SM was unable to show fear responses to a series of spiders, haunted house and scary films due to amygdala lesions howver is still able to experience other emotions- this shows how important the amygdala is in the role of fear

100
Q

Evaluation of SM case

A

Useful for fear therapy and understanding the amygdala
Is this always the case as sometimes it increases fear levels rather than reduces so reductionist an questionable

101
Q

Physical attractiveness effect on jury

A

Attractive defendants woul be evaluated more positively as they have more positive qualities than unattractive

102
Q

The halo effect

A

Cognitive bbias where the characteristics we expect of the person allow us to make a judgement and often happens to men on attractive women

103
Q

Attractive leniency effect

A

When women typically give attractive individuals Essex sentencing due to positive expectations

104
Q

Abwender and hough aim

A

To look into the influence of attractiveness when making judgements and sentencing

105
Q

AnH procedure

A

207 ps where 129 were women and 78 men who were shown a case f a 25 year old woman who was pulled over by the police for wreckless driving while under influence of alcohol. Two versions of the story were provided and both involved a dad pedestrian however, one had a defendant described as attractive and the other was unattractive, Ps had to rate the defendant on a likely type scale including their level of responsibility, consumption and attractiveness

106
Q

AnH evaluation

A

Mock trial-lab experiment so their decisions have no consequences howver it is illegal to sit in on a trial

107
Q

AnH results

A

Both male and females with the attractive rated them as more attractive than those with the unattractive
Male ps gave longer sentences to the attractive
Female ps gave longer sentneces to unattractive

108
Q

AnH conc

A

Jury will never be unbiased howver attractive people are typically held in higher regard

109
Q

Aim of Bradbury and Williams

A

Whether the racial composition of a jury and the race of the defendant has an effect on the decision making process

110
Q

Evaluation of BnW

A

Real trial due t hung jury so less control was to be put in place
- thickly implications as information can be explained and manipulated
Application- caseof OJ Simpson where 8/12 jurors were black and was found not guilty despite he was
Only from 4 diff states and only black defenders used so not generalizable

111
Q

Procedure of BnW

A

Secondary data from four different US states, nlytrials with black defendants were used as these were 60% of the cases, there were 7 controls in place such as quality of evidence, trial length, case type and lawyer type

112
Q

IV of BnW

A

Racila make up of the jury measured in percentage of white, black or Hispanic

113
Q

DV of BnW

A

Whether or not the trial led to a conviction

114
Q

Bn W results

A

A dominantly white jury were more likely convict black defendants as well as Hispanic jurors howver not as much
Jury’s with a gig percentage of black jurors were less likely and black defendants were more likely to e convicted with a drug crime rather than violent

115
Q

Conclusion of BnW

A

The racial composition of the jury has a significant effect on the likelihood of conviction and outgroup bias may come into play as black defendants with a majority black jury are less likely

116
Q

Social identity theory and race

A

We fav our those we feel most in common with and label them as our in-group

117
Q

What is XYY syndrome

A

Occurs when a male has an extra copy of the Y chromosome in each of their cells and will have 47 instead of 46 chromosomes. It has been found that 15:1000 males in prison have this and 1:1000 in the population

118
Q

Symptoms of XYY

A

Taller and more physically active
Impulsive behavior
Problems with speaking and processing words- lower IQ

119
Q

Evaluation of XYY

A

Androcentric
Application to criminal minds

120
Q

Theilgaard aim

A

To see if criminals had a particular gene that could be responsible for their criminal behavior

121
Q

Theilgaard procedure

A

Blood samples from 30000 men where i was found that XXY 16, XYY 12 who were born in 1940s. The men were interviewed by social workers and their criminal records were analyzed alongside an intelligence andpersonality tests

122
Q

Theilgaard results

A

XYY males had higher levels of aggression and lower intelligence levels

123
Q

Evaluation of theilgaard

A

Nature - only explores genes and a reason for criminal behavior
Androcentric and only one age
This is only one reason
Stockhlom studied men from 15-70 years old and found there were more convictions of those with xxy

124
Q

Eysencks personality theory

A

Established ideas ofintroversin and extroversion and believed that personality type has a biological cause as extroversion causes low levels of arousal so they engage in more risk taking behavior

125
Q

What is neuroticism

A

A trait which experiences negative effects such as anxiety, anger, depression and takes place when the limbo system is overhwlemed- this is the fight or flight response so acts less reasonly and lashes out

126
Q

Which personalities cause criminal personality

A

Extroversion and neuroticism and psychoticism

127
Q

Hare 1993

A

Psychopathy emerges in early childhood and characterize persistent anti social behavior that effect the persons life such as centredness Nd lack of remorse
They tend to have a thinning or loss of tissue in the brain structures such as their frontal cortex

128
Q

Boduszek 2013

A

133 violent offenders and 179 non violent males who self reported to measure criminal attitudes and identities and recidivism

129
Q

Results of boduszek

A

Criminal thinking is moderated by personality and extroverts are less likely to be conditioned to punishment
Criminal thinking styles were correlated with high levels of psychoticism and extroversion

130
Q

Steblay 1999 aim

A

To see the effect of negative petrial publicity on jurors judgements and to identify conditions where pretrial publicity effects are most likely to occur

131
Q

Steblay procedure

A

Surveys and mock juries used.Ps were given negative info about a defendant and a crime before the trial with a sample of 5,755 .3 researches coded the studies and compare to publicity- real or made up, the origin of the trial- realor made up, the sample size and type of study- experimental or survey and info about controlgroup and what type of media was used

132
Q

DV of steblay

A

Whether the defendant was guilty or not

133
Q

Results of steblay

A

More likely to judge guilty as 59% of guilty verdicts were in the negative publicity condition and the 45% were guilty verdicts in the control group while the study included many variables related to the claim hat negative publicity effects jury decision making

134
Q

Conclusion of steblay

A

Negative publicity affects jurors decision and view relating to the guilt of the defendant than those not exposed to it. Findings also back that in a community where crimes are more commonly reported, will create more of a bias surrounding the defendant.

135
Q

Evaluation of steblay

A

Application to understand jury decision making and how strategies should be put in place to combat pre trial publicity like induced schemas
Wide range of P which encourages the study to be more representative
Meta analysis allows for quick results, 44 studies so could find more of a significance
Mock trial studies so the ps new they weren’t real

136
Q

Ways to combat pre trial publicity

A

Gagging order on High profile cases put a prevention on the media to not report on anything and done in different cities to the crime

137
Q

Pre trialpublicity

A

Media and other coverage before the trial has begun where the jury can feel prejudice towards the case and pushes for negative publicity to lead to a bias decision against the defendant

138
Q

Where and why is a case formulation carried out

A

By a forensic or criminal psychologist to study the offender and reduce their chance of recidivism

139
Q

How is information drawn for case formulation

A

Interviews with family, interview with offender, school/ criminal/ history/ medical/ social service records

140
Q

What should be assessed under the case formulation

A

Background experiences, events and motivations, behavioral and cognitive factors that maintain behavior

Thoughts, feelings, physical symptoms, behavior surrounding the offense

141
Q

What happens after the case formulation is completed

A

Appropriate treatment plan is drawn up to bring behavioral and cognitive change and reduce chances of reoffending

142
Q

The good lives model

A

Example of an offender rehabilitation model that would shape case formulation for certain types of offenders by promoting their goals

143
Q

X3 HCPC standards

A

Respect confidentiality
Manage your health
Promote and protect the interests of service users and careers

144
Q

Why are hcpc standrds needed

A

For confidence and understanding of the best interest of the individual with professionalism.
Working to the best ability and make sure everyone is meeting the same standards where you are mindful f there’s
Multi-dispiplaniry referrals and reference

145
Q

Positives of hcpc

A

-targets SMART make sure standards are met
-standards are enforced for all members to follow

146
Q

Negatives of standards

A

If hcpc goes to far, it infringes on the members right to private life
Adds to stress of health work when becomes too intrusive
Suspending or striking off members for not following denies skilled psychologists

147
Q

What is the risk assessment

A

Collection of information to determine the degree t which harm is likely to happen

148
Q

Risk prediction

A

The assigning of probability for a person to endure n risky behavior within custody or not

149
Q

Risk management

A

A set of operational procedures and support systems which limit risky behaviors

150
Q

What could we do to stop things going wrong for the need of a risk assessment

A

Handcuffs needed and guarded cells
Panic buttons
Read case details to avoid tiggers

Criminal Psychology (1 decks)

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