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FOR10001 > Crime Rates > Flashcards

Crime Rates Flashcards

1
Q

List five sources of objective crime rates.

A
  • Personal experience;
  • Police records;
  • Court statistics;
  • Prison statistics;
  • Offender surveys.
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2
Q

List three fear of crime theories.

A
  • Cultivation theory;
  • Social cognitive model;
  • Cognitive theory.
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3
Q

List three general sources of bias.

A
  • Input;
  • Processing;
  • Output.
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4
Q

List four general challenges of objective crime rates.

A
  • Definitions of crime vary;
  • Accurate recording is difficult;
  • Multiple recordings;
  • Crime based vs. person based.
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5
Q

Personal experience provide what kind of information about crime rates?

A

An estimate of people’s experience of crime during a specified period of time.

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6
Q

Police records provide what kind of information about crime rates?

A
  • Crime reports;

- Recorded crimes.

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7
Q

Court statistics provide what kind of information about crime rates?

A
  • Number and type of court cases.
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8
Q

Prison statistics provide what kind of information about crime rates?

A
  • Number of prisoners and the crimes for which they were sentenced.
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9
Q

Offender surveys provide what kind of information about crime rates?

A
  • Number and type of offences committed.
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10
Q

What is the purpose of the Australian Standard Offence Classification?

A

Provides a basis for the standardised collection, analysis and dissemination of offence data within crime and justice departments.

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11
Q

In 2009-10, how many offenders were proceeded by against police?

  • How many were female?
  • How many were male?
  • How many were aged between 10 and 19?
A

375, 259

  • 84,072 (23%)
  • 291,187 (77%)
  • 109,979 (29%)
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12
Q

What percentage of investigations into murder are finalised within 30 days of the victim becoming known to police?

A

74%

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13
Q

What percentage of investigations into attempted murder are finalised within 30 days of the victim becoming known to police?

A

79%

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14
Q

What percentage of investigations into unlawful entry with intent are finalised within 30 days of the victim becoming known to police?

A

11%

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15
Q

What percentage of investigations into motor vehicle theft are finalised within 30 days of the victim becoming known to police?

A

14%

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16
Q

What percentage of investigations into other types of theft are finalised within 30 days of the victim becoming known to police?

A

17%

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17
Q

There are how many victims of murder (per 100,000) per year?

A

1.2

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18
Q

There are how many victims of attempted murder (per 100,000) per year?

A

1.1

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19
Q

There are how many victims of sexual assualt (per 100,000) per year?

A

89

20
Q

There are how many victims of manslaughter (per 100,000) per year?

A

0.1

21
Q

There are how many victims of kidnapping/abduction (per 100,000) per year?

A

2.9

22
Q

There are how many victims of blackmail/extortion (per 100,000) per year?

A

3.1

23
Q

There are how many victims of robbery (per 100,000) per year?

A

72

24
Q

In 2009-10, there were how many alleged offenders processed by Victorian Police?

  • How many were adults?
  • How many were juveniles?
A

170, 614

  • 133, 714
  • 35, 865
25
Q

In 2009-10, there were how many offences against the person occurred in Victoria?

A

45, 395

26
Q

In 2009-10, there were how many offences against property occurred in Victoria?

A

260, 415

27
Q

In 2009-10, there were how many drug offences occurred in Victoria?

A

14, 583

28
Q

List three characteristics of subjective perceptions of crime.

A
  • Different from actual (subjective) rates;
  • Important for a variety of lifestyle decisions;
  • Heavily influenced by framing.
29
Q

What does cultivation theory suggest?

A

That heavy consumption of mass media (4hrs+/day) leads to an unrealistic perception of crime rates and a subsequent level of fear of crime.

30
Q

What does cognitive theory suggest?

A

That fear of crime is the product of a cognitive calculation of two factors:

  • The strength of belief about the likelihood of an event;
  • The perceived level of seriousness of experiencing the event.
31
Q

What does the social cognitive model suggest?

A

That we can an understanding of how people make judgements by examining how they employ a variety of cognitive processes to evaluate social information.

32
Q

What is the computer model that forms the basis of the social cognitive model?

A

Input –> Processing –> Output

33
Q

What does the social cognitive model assume?

A
  • That the computer model represents the objective (desirable) approach, when the human approach differs.
  • That humans are cognitive misers.
34
Q

What is actual human process of the social cognitive model? What parts are subject to bias?

A

Input (B) –> Processing (B) –> Output (B) –> Judgement –> Behaviour.

35
Q

What is a cognitive miser?

A

A normal tendency of humans to spend as little cognitive effort as possible on tasks unless provided with adequate opportunity and motivation.

36
Q

List three types of input bias.

A
  • Vividness;
  • Negativity;
  • Primacy.
37
Q

The input bias of vividness is the tendency to?

A

Place extra cognitive weight on information that is bizarre, abnormal or dramatic.

38
Q

The input bias of negativity is the tendency to?

A

Place extra cognitive weight on information that portrays individuals, issues and objects in a less favourable light.

39
Q

The input bias of primacy is the tendency to?

A

Place extra cognitive weight on earlier information and less on latter information.

40
Q

List three types of processing bias.

A
  • Representative Heuristic;
  • Illusory Correlation;
  • Framing.
41
Q

The processing bias of representative heuristic is the tendency to?

A

Employ emotionally evoking stimuli and false beliefs rather than logic and common sense.

42
Q

The processing bias of illusory correlation is the tendency to?

A

Believe that two events are causally related simply due to the fact that they occur within close proximity.

43
Q

The processing bias of framing is the tendency to?

A

Be influenced by concentration on a cognitive anchor then framing the decision around that anchor.

44
Q

List two types of output bias.

A
  • Response;

- Functional fixedness.

45
Q

The output bias of response bias is the tendency to?

A

Behave contrary to one’s decision due to social influences.

46
Q

The output bias of functional fixedness is?

A

The inability to apply a logical decision due to cognitive categorisation one holds about another person.

FOR10001 (3 decks)

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