crime prevention Flashcards
defensible space theory?
oscar newman, american architect
lack of ownership of communal spaces in modern housing leads to crime
highrise features perfect for crime?
stairwells, balconies, landings, corridors, integral car parks, lift lobbies, communal gardens
newman’s four environmental factors to deter crime?
territoriality - sense of ownership, boundary markers
natural surveillance - residents can see happening of neighbourhood
image - regular maintenance and improving appearance of buildings to increase pride
surroundings - creating a sense of community, with family facilities and improving surveillance
study on physical disorder?
zimbardo abandoned two cars, bonnets up, no number plates, one in the bronx, one in palo alto
after 10 mins in the bronx parts were being stolen and after three days nothing of value was left
in palo alto, it was untouched over a week later. zimbardo smashed part with a sledgehammer and them within hours it is on roof, demolished
zero tolerance policing?
prioritises smaller crime to prevent escalation and rise of anti-social norms
believes this will lead to reduction in serious crime
zero tolerance policing: new york city?
1994 - world leader in crime
new policing commissioner changed focus to be on minimizing crimes that negatively impact quality of life
emphasis primarily on low level crime
7000 officers recruited, many for foot patrol
37% overall drop, 50% drop in homicide
zero tolerance policing: hartlepool?
1994 - saw 12 years of worsening crime figures, overall crime doubled, burglary tripled
malton introduced zero tolerance, regaining streets on behalf of and with consent of citizens
officers trained to show compassion and tolerance but not ignore anti-social behaviour
officers knew low level offenders who were confronted and could address young offenders early. minor offences provided intel on more serious ones
overall dropped by 27% in two years
wilson & kelling aim?
to outline how neighbourhood features can change crime rates
how the police’s role has changed
strategies for maintaining order
understand the public’s fears
wilson & kelling foot patrols?
officers could recognise ‘regulars’ and ‘strangers’
regulars know their place and officers wary of strangers
no longer physical barrier between the police and the public, now open and approachable
wilson & kelling broken windows?
neglected property sets the tone for interaction with the community
this disorder triggers fear in the residents, leaving them unable to challenge disorder or casually observe
this allows for a rise in crime as community surveillance and ability to call the police acts as deterrent
wilson & kelling police’s changing role?
once focused on keeping order, now must solve crimes too
this leads to low level crime being ignored, leading to a sense of disorder
wilson & kelling implications and suggestions?
officers should be assigned to neighbourhoods on the brink of disorder and maintaining order with zero tolerance policing
community is helpful, but only with police backing
situational crime prevention?
three core principles: target hardening, creating defensible space and increasing risk of detection
alleygating?
liverpool
deprived area of back-to-back terraced housing with badly lit alleys
lockable alley gates denied opportunities for criminals with more than 5500 installed from 2000
burglaries fell by 37% and 20% more people felt safe in their homes, leading to increased surveillance. also reduction in vandalism and graffiti
