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Soci Crime & Deviance > Crime & Deviance First Midterm > Flashcards

Crime & Deviance First Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Crime

A

Demonstrated Harm to Other, when social harm occurs

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2
Q

Conceptual Difficulties: What are the definitions of crime and deviance hard?

A

Definitions vary across time and space

Depend on people’s definitions of situations

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3
Q

Marxists perception of deviance

A

liberating acts of rebellion against capitalism

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4
Q

Functionalist perception of deviance

A

institutional restraint as vital to social harmony

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5
Q

Deustchmann

A

one theory cannot explain all forms of deviance

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6
Q

Schur, Becker, and Szaz perceptions of Crime

A

All agree that state interference often leads to more deviance

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7
Q

What are the 4 minimums to demonstrate causality

A

1) variables should covary
2) temporal sequence
3) covariance should be nonspurious
4) research should be theoretically based

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8
Q

covariance

A

when variables are associated with one another

When researching crime and deviance, should always include age, SES, sex, and visible minority status

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9
Q

Examples of causality covariance correlations

A

As SES increases, # of crimes diminishes

Crime is more common in males

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10
Q

Temporal Sequence

A

suggests that cause must come before effect
independent variable (cause) must come before dependent variable (effect)
ex: age and violence

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11
Q

NonSpurious Relationships

A

When the relationship between 2 variables cannot be caused by a third variable

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12
Q

Reliability

A

findings should be easily replicated

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13
Q

Validity

A

refers to whether a research has practiced what they have examined

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14
Q

Double-Barreled Questions

A

Where there is two questions within one

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15
Q

Common issues with research Validity and Reliability

A

Double barreled questions, competent respondents, long questions, negative statements within questions, representativeness

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16
Q

Best way to be confident in your research

A

Triangulate the data but achieving the same result using numerous methods

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17
Q

Calhoun Research

A

1962, Calhoun performed an experiment with 60 rats investigating the relationship between population density and deviant behavior.
Came to some heavy conclusions about behavior… however his conclusions were very problematic…
-humans chose to live in cities, rats were put in cage
-high density is a relative concept (Tokyo vs Calgary)
-sex ratio: crime is a male behavior

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18
Q

Canadian Uniform Crime Reports

A

Stats analysis of all crime reported to police…

the statistic of violent crime has changed due to a change in the definition of violent crime

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19
Q

Crime Funnel

A

the recognition that all crime is much greater than the amount of people convicted of crime!! Variables occur I the detection, report, finding, and conviction
only 3% of crimes in 1998 resulted in a conviction

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20
Q

Examples of Observation Studies

A

John Howard Griffen, Black Like Me

Humphrey’s Tea Room Trade

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21
Q

Foucault’s view on punishment

A

the body was the side of arbitrary punishment

Damie was accused of attempting to kill the king of France:

22
Q

The exorcist Movie

A

Loosely based on Robbie Manheim in the later 1940’s

23
Q

David Berkowitz

A

Killed 6 people and wounded 7 others, claimed his actins were the result of demonic possession

24
Q

seven deadly sins

A

SLAPEGG

sloth, lust, anger, pride, envy, gluttony, greed

25
Q

“Lex Talionis”

A

Refers to the principle an eye for an eye

principle for exacting punishment on people but not very effective

26
Q

Malleus Maleficarum

A

text written by two men in 1946 which was used to punish convicted witches
were identited via torture or birth marks or spectral evidence (ghostly form around them seen by people who were affected their spell!)
Generated mass hysteria! If you denied the existence of witches you could be suspected of being a witch!

27
Q

Is Demonic Perspectives still present today?

A

Yes! People still do use religious beliefs to found choices/policies ex: President Bush said no to stem cell research
Reveals the seemingly arbitrary nature of defining deviance and implementing policies

28
Q

Modern day examples of fear mongering/moral panics

A

The Holocaust, the red scare (communists in the US), satanic day care centres

29
Q

The central results of the Demonic Perspective on the criminal justice system

A

arbitray, brutal and public punishment, deviants were partly responsible for their behavior, and very high crime rates

30
Q

Mini-Max Theorem

A

People are rational, calculating actors who are hedonistic and self-interested therefor they make all life choices in maximizing units of pleasure and minimizing units of pain who adhere to a social contract in that they must buy into this to live in an honest, functioning society

31
Q

Punishment in the classical approach

A

needs three basic elements:

1) swiftness: must be quick
2) certainty: you must have a guarantee of getting caught
3) severity: punishment must fit the crime (be one unit less pleasurable)

32
Q

Benthem’s perspective on the Classical Approach

A

Laws could be created when deviant behavior created social harm

33
Q

Foucault’s Classical Approach

A

pushed that effective control was based on swift, certain punishment that was slightly more severe than the pleasure derived from the act itself

34
Q

Four keys to the Classical System of Justice

A

1) rationa punishment
2) legislative determination of law, judicial determination of guilt!
3) deterrence as the reason for social control
4) control of acts rather than actors

35
Q

Western Justice Systems such as French Penal Code

A

based on classical thought; main reason for growth of prisons

36
Q

Panopticon

A

Developed by Bentham with the intention for one person to watch all the prisoners

37
Q

Problems with Classical Approrach

A

Humans are both rational and irrational
It is impossible to ascertain units of pain and pleasure
therefore rational punishment doesn’t quite exist

38
Q

Variation in Definition of Deviance

A

Vary across time and space ex: homosexual marriage was allowed in 2005 but in Iran homosexual acts are punishable by death

39
Q

Pfohl’s Suggestion of Deviance

A

As a violation of a social norm

40
Q

Conformity vs Nonconformity

A

adherence to norms vs normative violations but without reaction ex picking nose

41
Q

deviance vs crime

A

deviance: normative violation with a controlling mechanism
crime: violation of codified law
* not all deviance is crime, not all crimes are deviant

42
Q

Epistemology

A

ways of knowing, different people use different approaches

ex: both demonic and classical perspectives are epistemologies

43
Q

Lombroso

A

First to develop the pathological approach who believed the tendency towards deviance originated in the body and was evident in a persons physiology

44
Q

Atavists

A

Believed that these people were born crimials who would revert to this state regardless of social factors
ex: all robbers have small eyes, twisted noses, and bushy eyebrows

45
Q

Similarities of Pathology to Demonic Approach

A

Both focus on the body

Very arbitrary punishment as well

46
Q

Problems with Pathology

A

1) empirical research was extremely flawed
2) measurements were sloppy
3) statistical techniques were not yet refined
4) many stigmata were simply social (ex: people w/ tattoos!)

47
Q

Dugdale Study of The Jukes

A

he analyzed over 150 years of family information and found that crime was inherited!! It seemed intuitive that genetics must have an impact on deviance
no control group!… a later study found similar problems in more affluent families

48
Q

Goddard Study of the Kallikaks

A

Examined the offspring of one man, one born in a respectable family the other not so much…he touched up photos and altered data and admitted he had difficulties obtaining unbiased family records

49
Q

Freud’s 3 distinct components of personality

A

ID: Instinctual
Superego: inclination of societal norms
Ego: in between
*believed an overally strong id may lead to a life of crime; don’t have the ability to resist!

50
Q

Freud’s Iceberg Analogy

A

Below the surface of the water is where the majority of personality lived; in the subconscious!
In our unconscious mind is where all of our desires lie suggesting that some people don’t know why they do what they do

51
Q

Drug Research from Turner and Edgley (1983)

A

Claimed drugcraft has replaced witchcraft. we are prescribing meds without a biological basis
there was a big push on how brain chemistry does cause behavior
Low SES and marital status is related to behavior
therefore flawed, subjective research creates a racist, sexist, classist framework!

52
Q

epigenetics

A

how behavior can change biology

Soci Crime & Deviance (1 decks)

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