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11x2/hi2 Mr McGhee > Crime and Punishment Glossary > Flashcards

Crime and Punishment Glossary Flashcards

1
Q

18th and 19th Century

A

The period covering the 1700s and the 1800s

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2
Q

Abolition

A

The ending, banning or getting rid of something

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3
Q

Agree

A

To have the same opinion as someone or something

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4
Q

Anglo-Saxon

A

The people of England before the Norman times; the Anglo-Saxons ruled England until 1066

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5
Q

Anti-social behaviour

A

Causing a nuisance or distress to people outside your home

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6
Q

Benefit of the clergy

A

A rule that said that the clergy (priests) would not be put on trial in the ordinary courts, but in church courts instead, which were often more leniant.

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7
Q

Bloody Code

A

The name given to laws introduced in the 1700s that massively increased the types of crime punishable by death

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8
Q

Bow Street Runners

A

The first semi-official police force, introduced by the Field brothers

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9
Q

Capital punishment

A

The death penalty, or execution

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10
Q

Car crime

A

Crimes related to cars and driving, eg speeding, car theft etc

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11
Q

Century

A

A period of 100 years

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12
Q

Change

A

Something that is different from before

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13
Q

Change over time

A

Something that becomes different as time passes

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14
Q

Chronology

A

Time or time order, arranging things in the order they happened.

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15
Q

CID

A

The Criminal Investigation Department: a branch of the police first set up 1878 that involves plainclothes detectives investigating crimes.

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16
Q

Clergy

A

A name for priests

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17
Q

Compare

A

To look at two different things - sources, features, events - and see what is similar (or different) about them.

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18
Q

Compensation

A

When you receive money for something you have lost or has been damaged (eg property, an injury, death of a family member)

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19
Q

Confession

A

When someone admits to committing a crime (this can sometimes be after torture or threats)

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20
Q

Conscientious Objectors

A

People who refused to fight in wars, eg World War One, because they believed in peace.

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21
Q

Continuity

A

Where things stay the same, or very similar, over time.

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22
Q

Contrast

A

To look for the differences between two or more things.

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23
Q

Conviction

A

When a defendant in a trial is found guilty, they are convicted or given a conviction.

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24
Q

Corporal punishment

A

Physcial types of punishment, eg whipping

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25
Q

Counter-terrorism

A

Prevention terrorism and terrorist groups

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26
Q

County Court

A

A court that deals with less serious offences, not crimes

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27
Q

Crime prevention

A

Stopping crime before it happens

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28
Q

Crimes against authority

A

A crime involving going against the king or the nobles or other forms of authority

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29
Q

Crimes against property

A

A crime involving someone’s property, eg stealing an object or burning down a house

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30
Q

Crimes against the person

A

A crime involving violence against someone, eg assault or murder

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31
Q

Custodial sentences

A

A sentence of prison

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32
Q

Demobbed from the army

A

When soldiers return from war and leave the army.

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33
Q

Derek Bentley

A

Sentenced to death for murdering a policeman even though he did not pull the trigger of the murder weapon

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34
Q

Deterrent

A

Something that makes you not want to do something, eg not want to commit a crime

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35
Q

Difference

A

Not the same as something else

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36
Q

Disagree

A

To have a different opinion from someone else

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37
Q

DNA

A

The genetic code in human cells; individual people can be identified using DNA left in tiny human cells left at crime scenes

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38
Q

Driving offences

A

An offence committed as a driver of a car, eg not having insurance or speeding

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39
Q

Drug crime

A

A crime involving illegal drugs (using them or buying/selling them)

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40
Q

Early Modern

A

The period 1500-1700

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41
Q

Elizabeth Fry

A

A campaigner for improving the very bad prison conditions in the first half of the 1800s

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42
Q

Era

A

A distinct period of time

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43
Q

Execution

A

An official, legal killing of someone for committing a serious crime

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44
Q

Extent of change

A

How much change happened

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45
Q

Factor for change

A

A reason for, or one cause of, change

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46
Q

Fielding brothers

A

Magistrates (brothers Henry and John) who set up the Bow Street Runners

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47
Q

Fine

A

Money paid as a punishment for a crime

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48
Q

Forest laws

A

Laws introduced by the Normans to reserve large areas for the king to go hunting; ordinary people could not collect wood or hunt animals in the forest

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49
Q

Forgery

A

Copying something and pretending it is the real thing, eg forging coins to make fake money

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50
Q

Fraud

A

A type of crime where someone deceives another person to take advantage (usually financial) of them

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51
Q

Gangs

A

A group of people, often a criminal group

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52
Q

Gentlemen of the road

A

A nickname given to describe highwaymen

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53
Q

Government

A

The group of people who have the authority to rule over a country

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54
Q

Gunpowder Plot

A

A plot (secret plan) to blow up Parliament and King James I in 1605; the plotters were Catholics unhappy with how their religion was treated.

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55
Q

Guy Fawkes

A

A key member of the Gunpowder Plot, he placed the gunpowder underneath Parliament and was arrested, tortured and executed.

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56
Q

Heresy

A

A religious crime, where you do not believe in the official form or religion

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57
Q

Highway robbery

A

A crime where highwaymen would stop carriages on their journey between towns, to demand money or valuables from the travellers

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58
Q

Hue and cry

A

The system were the inhabitants of a village in the Middle Ages would call out for help to catch a criminal

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59
Q

Hung, drawn and quartered

A

A rare punishment usually given to a traitor, where they were sentenced to death by hanging, then cut down alive and cut into pieces.

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60
Q

Identify theft

A

A crime where someone takes on someone else’s identity and pretends to be them to steal money

61
Q

Importance

A

Being important

62
Q

Individuals

A

Individual people, a single person

63
Q

Influence of the Church

A

The power that the Church had in government and over society, especially in the Middle Ages

64
Q

John Howard

A

A prison reformer in the late 1700s who campaigned for better treatment of prisoners, and argued for giving prisoners time alone to reflect

65
Q

Jury

A

A group of 12 people (men only until 1919) who heard serious court cases and decided if someone was guilty or not guilty of a crime

66
Q

Justice

A

The idea of creating fairness, and punishing people who commit crimes and breaking the rules of society

67
Q

King Henry II

A

King of England from 1154 to 1189.

68
Q

King Henry VIII

A

The second Tudor monarch, King of England 1509-1547.

69
Q

King James I

A

King of England from 1603-1625

70
Q

King William I

A

Known as William the Conqueror, who successfully invaded England in 1066, defeating King Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings, and King of England 1066-1087.

71
Q

Law enforcement

A

Making sure the law is followed, by using police and

72
Q

Let him have it!

A

The phrase supposedly spoken by Derek Bentley just before Christopher Craig shot a policeman, and which led to his sentence to death for murder.

73
Q

Martyr

A

A person who willingly suffers death rather than deny their religion.

74
Q

Matthew Hopkins

A

Known as the ‘Witchfinder General’ he was responsible for the execution of up to 300 women he called witches

75
Q

Media

A

How we communicate and reach other people. For example, newspapers, radio, internet etc.

76
Q

Medieval period

A

The period c1000-c1500

77
Q

Metropolitan police founded

A

The starting of the first official police force in England, the Metropolitan Police in 1829, to police London

78
Q

Milestone

A

An important and significant event, often representing a great moment of change

79
Q

Modern Era

A

The period from 1900 to the present day

80
Q

Monarchy

A

The system of having a monarch in charge

81
Q

Mugging

A

Attacking and robbing someone in a public place

82
Q

Murder in the Cathedral

A

The killing of Archbishop Thomas Becket in 1170

83
Q

Neighbourhood watch

A

A system where neighbours in a local area keep an eye out for suspicious behaviour to report to the police, and also to deter crime

84
Q

Night watchmen

A

A group of men who would patrol a town at night to keep it safe and peaceful

85
Q

Non-custodial sentences

A

A sentence given by a judge that does not involve prison

86
Q

Norman

A

Someone from Normandy, the Normans ruled England from 1066

87
Q

Open prisons

A

A type of prison used in the 20th century where prisoners had a lot of freedom, used for low-risk criminals

88
Q

Orphans

A

Children who no longer had parents and were looked after by other people, often in orphanages

89
Q

Parish constable

A

A local person from the community who was responsible for keeping law and order in the parish, or village

90
Q

Penal reform

A

Making changes to improve the penal (prison) system

91
Q

Pentonville Prison

A

A prison in London built in 1816 known as the first modern prison in Britain, which kept prisoners using the separate system

92
Q

Petty crime

A

Smaller, less important or less serious types of crime, like stealing a very small amount

93
Q

Pickpocket

A

Someone who steals someone’s purse or wallet without the victim noticing

94
Q

Pillory

A

A form of public punishment where a criminal would put their head and hands through a wooden frame

95
Q

Poaching

A

Hunting animals on someone else’s land without permission

96
Q

Police force

A

An official and professional group of people responsible for enforcing law and order

97
Q

Police beat

A

A police officer would have a ‘beat’ which was the route that they patrolled

98
Q

Police dogs (bloodhounds)

A

Bloodhounds are used by police for their sense of smell, which can help police hunt criminals hours or even days after the crime

99
Q

Population growth

A

The increase in population, the increasing number of people living in the country

100
Q

Present day

A

The increase in population, the increasing number of people living in the country

101
Q

Prevention

A

Stopping something from happening before it happens

102
Q

Prison

A

A place where people are held securely, either before trial or as a punishment

103
Q

Public execution

A

An execution held in front of a large crowd

104
Q

Queen Mary I (Tudor)

A

Queen of England 1553-1558, who changed England back to a Catholic country and made being Protestant a crime

105
Q

Race crime

A

A crime committed against someone due to their race or skin colour

106
Q

Reform

A

To make something better, improve it

107
Q

Rehabilitation

A

Making a criminal become a better person and bringing them back into society as a good citizen

108
Q

Retribution

A

To get revenge for something by using a punishment to cause suffering

109
Q

Robbery

A

Stealing something from someone or from a property using force, or the threat of force

110
Q

Role of the Church

A

The influence of the Church and priests over people’s lives, morals and how crimes were defined and punished

111
Q

Sanctuary

A

Going to a church and claiming sanctuary meant that you could not be arrested for 40 days

112
Q

Science and new technology

A

In the Industrial Age and Modern Period this became more important in new techniques for solving crime

113
Q

Scotland Yard

A

The headquarters of the Metropolitan Police in London

114
Q

Separate system

A

The policy of keeping prisoners separate from anybody else for most of, or all of, the day

115
Q

Sheriff

A

The person responsible for law and order in a county or shire

116
Q

Significance

A

Importance

117
Q

Similarity

A

Something that is nearly the same, or the same in a particular way, as something else

118
Q

Sir Robert Peel

A

The Home Secretary who founded the Metropolitan Police in 1829

119
Q

Smuggling

A

Bringing goods into the country illegally (either banned items, or to avoid paying tax)

120
Q

Social attitudes

A

The opinion of the public about certain things

121
Q

Specialisation of Police

A

The formation of the police into divisions with particular jobs or expertise, eg detectives, scenes-of-crimes officers, etc

122
Q

Stealing

A

To take a possession from someone else without their permission

123
Q

Stocks

A

A form of public punishment where a criminal would put their feet through a wooden frame

124
Q

Supersition

A

A belief in the supernatural, based on belief in things like magic or luck rather than science

125
Q

Taser

A

A late 20th century police weapon designed to shock a threatening suspect so that they can be overpowered and arrested

126
Q

Theft

A

The action or crime of stealing

127
Q

Thief-takers

A

A private person who would hunt down a criminal in return for a reward

128
Q

Thomas Beckett

A

The Archbishop of Canterbury who was murdered in 1170 by knights of King Henry II

129
Q

Time period

A

A group of years defined in a certain way, like a century (100 years) or the Modern Era (1900 onwards)

130
Q

Tithings

A

A group of 10 men above the age of 12 who were responsible for policing themselves in the Medieval Period

131
Q

Tolpuddle Martyrs

A

A group of poor workers who were punished for organising a union to fight for better pay, sentenced to transportation to Australia

132
Q

Torture

A

A way of extracting information from someone, or getting them to confess to a crime, by causing suffering, eg using thumbscrews, the rack

133
Q

Town watchman

A

A group of men who would patrol a time or guard the town gates, usually at night, to keep it safe

134
Q

Trial by jury

A

A trial decided by a jury of 12 ordinary people, who hear the evidence and decide if the defendant is guilty or not guilty of a crime

135
Q

Transportation

A

Being sent to a colony outside of Britain as a punishment, for example sent to a prison camp in Australia

136
Q

Treason

A

The crime of going against the king, or betraying your country; seen in the Medieval era as the worst type of crime

137
Q

Trial by combat

A

A trial where guilt is determined by who wins a fight, such as a sword fight

138
Q

Trial by ordeal

A

A trial where guilt is determined by going through an ordeal, eg holding a hot iron - if it started to heal after a week, you were not guilty; if it didn’t, you were guilty

139
Q

Turning point

A

An event or moment in history that led to certain important changes

140
Q

Two-way radio

A

A radio used by police so that officers on the street can communicate with headquarters and with each other

141
Q

Vagabond

A

Term describing a person without a home or a job in the Medieval and Early Modern period

142
Q

Wergild

A

A fine paid to compensate someone (or their family) for causing injury or death

143
Q

Whipping

A

A punishment involving getting attacked by a whip, that could cause bleeding and permanent scarring

144
Q

Whistle

A

Used by police officers in the nineteenth century to attract attention or call for help

145
Q

Witchcraft

A

A kind of magic (supposedly practiced by women)

146
Q

Witchfinder General

A

Mathew Hopkins

147
Q

Young offenders

A

Someone who commits a crime or offence under the age of 18

148
Q

Cockshafer

A

the prison treadmill a pointless activity to keep the prisoners busy.

11x2/hi2 Mr McGhee (4 decks)

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