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Crime and punishment Flashcards

0
Q

In what year were there 160 death penalty offences?

A

1750

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1
Q

How many death penalty offences were there in 1660s?

A

50 offences

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2
Q

In 1815, how many death penalty offences were there?

A

288 offences

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3
Q

Who was appointed High sheriff of Bedfordshire?

A

John Howard

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4
Q

What did the gaols act of 1774 promote?

A

Improved health and sanitation in prisons

Due to John Howard

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5
Q

What did John Howard want to be changed about prisons?

A

Christian teachings
Decent food
Work
Better health and sanitation

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6
Q

What prison did Elizabeth Fry visit and what did she find?

A

Newgate prison in London

Found women and children living in poor conditions of disease and violence

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7
Q

What did Elizabeth Fry do to change prisons and reform prisoners?

A

Began a school and Bible group inside Newgate prison in 1817
Taught people skills like sowing so they could get jobs and money
Gave prisoners clothes
Treated prisoners with kindness and respect to show God’s love

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8
Q

In 1823, what act did Sir Robert Peel pass?

A

Gaols Act

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9
Q

What did Robert Peel do to change prions?

A 
Paid gaolers 
Prison inspections
Visits by Chaplain and doctors
More work and basic education
Women gaolers for female prisoners
Clean separate cells
New prison building programmes
Reduced death penalty offences
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10
Q

How many new prisons were built in 1877 due to Robert Peel?

A

90 prisons

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11
Q

In what year was the Pentoville Prison built?

A

1842

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12
Q

In what year did Fry start a school and Bible group inside a prison?

A

1817

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13
Q

What type of goods were smuggled?

A

Highly taxed goods

Tea, cloth, wine, tobacco, lace, alcohol, drugs
People - prostitutes or illegal labourers

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14
Q

What was the tax rate of tea in the mid nineteenth century?

A

119%

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15
Q

How many people were wanted for smuggling?

A

1,748,103 people

70% of them farm workers

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16
Q

Why was smuggling not seen as a crime?

A 
Victimless crime
1,748,103 people (70% farmers)
Highly taxed goods stolen
Community involved - vicar
Robert Walpole (later PM) used gov't ships to smuggle wine 
In London from 2 - 6am 
3/4 Tea in country smuggled
Earn 6 or 7 times farmers wage
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17
Q

What was tea tax rate in 1784?

A

Mid 18th Century: 119%

1784 (due to Pitt PM): 12.5%

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18
Q

Why did smuggling reduce?

A

1690 mounted customs officers
1700 water guard with ships to patrol the coast
People turned to other crimes like highway robbery
1780’s Suffolk Army used
Harsh punishments
Tea no longer profitable to smuggle

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19
Q

What was the Vagrancy Act?

A

Law that made it a criminal offence to sleep rough/beg/be homeless etc.

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20
Q

When did Henry Fielding become a magistrate and where?

A

1748

Bow Street

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21
Q

When was the Preventative Plan set up, due to who and what was it?

A

1772-3
Henry Fielding
got rid of Hue and Cry Act

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22
Q

What did John Fielding do in regard to policing?

A

1775 - states the need for a system of trained professionals
Increased no. of petty constables
High constables to reside on main roads into London
Creation of mounted force and patrols

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23
Q

When were the Bow Street Runners set up?

A

1749

Due to Henry Fielding

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24
When was Robert Peel appointed Home Secretary?
1822
25
When are the Bow Street runners abolished?
1839
26
When was the County Dural Police Act and what did it state?
1856 All counties must have a police force
27
When was the CID set up?
1878
28
When was the Detective branch of the Met Police set up?
1842
29
What policing methods were used from the 12th Century to 1400?
Tithing Hue and Cry Constables - 12 months, part time Watchmen
30
When was Jonathan Wild a thief taker?
1711- 1725 (hanged))
31
When was the fingerprint squad introduced at Scotland Yard?
1901
32
What was the overall effect of policing?
Reduced crime overall | Eventually became popular
33
Pre 1800 how were women their husbands possession?
``` Men had right to property Men had right to children Men had right to money Men controlled the law Husband is able to chastise his wife - beat with moderation, thumb rule 1782, verbal abuse ```
34
Who passed the 'thumb rule' and when?
Sir Francis Buller 1782 States man can beta his wife with a stick no wider than his thumb
35
What was the Matrimonial act?
Women are given then right to separate from their husbands
36
When was Women's Aid set up and what did they do?
1971 Provide emotional and legal support to women
37
What did Erin Pizzey set up?
``` First refuge in Chiswick, West London Eventually at up nationals Provided tea, emotional support and shelter Helped women relocate Run on charitable donations ```
38
How did Jack Ashley MP help with the domestic violence campaign?
First MP to raise it in parliament Drew attention to the women's rights campaign Spoke about Erin Pizzey and her work
39
How did women's liberation raise awareness of domestic violence?
``` 1971+ NHS and social services set up Police now interfere with more private matters More female political power Use if media and technology Coordination of services ```
40
When was the non-molestation order set up?
1976
41
When were the domestic violence acts set up?
1976 2004 (both women and men)
42
When was rape within marriage made illegal?
1991
43
When was the Family Law Act set up?
1996
44
Why was domestic violence not considered a crime Pre 1900?
Husband is able to chastise his wife Little law enforcement by police People still believed domestics violence was in the lower classes and associated with alcohol and private lives Police didn't interfere with private matters in the home
45
When was transportation abolished?
1868
46
How many people went over to Australia as part of transportation?
160,023
47
When was gold discovered in Australia?
1851
48
What was conscription?
Law introduced that states everyone of a certain age (18-41) who is fit and healthy must fight in armed forces
49
What is a conscientious objector?
A person refusing to fight in a war on moral, religious or political grounds
50
Define alternativists
Refused to take pert in war but would do alternative non-combat work Drive ambulances, stretcher bearers, bomb disposal Sent to gov't work camps and quarries
51
Define absolutists
Thought war was fundamentally wrong Refused to do anything that helped the war effort Sent to prison
52
When were witchcraft laws abolished?
1736
53
When was the last execution for witchcraft?
1685
54
Who was Ruth Ellis?
Last woman to be executed in UK
55
When did Elizabeth Fry visit Newgate prison?
1817
56
When was conscription introduced in the First World War?
1916
57
When was conscription introduced in the Second World War?
April 1939 for men | December 1941 for women
58
How many people refused to fight in each world war?
WW1: 16,000 men WW2: 59,000 men and women
59
How many conscientious objectors were exempt from conscription in each war?
WW1: only 400 given total exemption on ground of conscience WW2: 46,796 complete or partial exemption
60
What happened to absolutists in WW1?
Imprisoned Given brutal treatment Hard labour - forced 10 died in prison, 63 after release and 31 breakdowns
61
Why were there more conscientious objectors in WW2?
Know what war is like - don't want to return Friends/family died Family returned tell them the horror of what it is like
62
Define church courts
Dealt with priests, monks and nuns and those who refused to pay a tenth of their income to church
63
Define manor courts
Dealt with ordinary villagers on countryside | Rules set by ordinary landowners
64
Define royal courts
Dealt with all serious crimes Dealt with all types of people Crimes divided into seriousness
65
What 3 reasons could women go to court for?
If her husband was murdered and be died in her arms Someone attacked her leading to the loss of an unborn child Rape
66
What method is preventing crime were used in medieval times?
Making a group of 10 people (tithing) responsible for each others actions Hue and cry Deterring people by punishment Church teachings
67
What were the reasons for medieval crime waves
Rising unemployment Rising prices Weak government Corrupt judges
68
During medieval times whets two method decided guilt of accused?
Witness by neighbours | Trial by jury
69
Why did the number of beggars increase during the 16th century
Closure of monasteries took away support for the poor Population increase Pressure on food and jobs Landowners kept sheep instead of growing crops meant fewer workers
70
Why was begging treated harshly as a crime?
Cost of supporting beggars resorted by communities Poor people turned to crimes like theft Travelling beggars threat to communities
71
What law was passed in 1531?
Law passed by parliament separated the 'deserving poor' from 'sturdy beggars' Needed a licence to beg
72
What was the first vagrancy act and when?
Forced beggars to work | Whipped and branded
73
Who were appointed Justices of the Peace and when?
Landowners | By 1400
74
What did Henry VII do in regard to witchcraft and when?
Made witchcraft a capital offence | 1542
75
What did James I write a book about and when?
Demonologie About how witches are vermin and how to catch them 1597
76
When was the last execution in England for witchcraft?
1684 | Alice Molland in Exeter
77
What happened as a result of Ruth Osborne dying due to the swimming test?
1751 in Tring, Hertfordshire Main ringleaders executed for murder Attitudes of authorities has changed
78
When was the National Women's Aid Federation established?
1974
79
What did Henry VII do in regard to witchcraft and when?
Made witchcraft a capital offence | 1542
79
What did James I write a book about and when?
Demonologie About how witches are vermin and how to catch them 1597
80
When was the last execution in England for witchcraft?
1684 | Alice Molland in Exeter
81
What happened as a result of Ruth Osborne dying due to the swimming test?
1751 in Tring, Hertfordshire Main ringleaders executed for murder Attitudes of authorities has changed
82
When was the National Women's Aid Federation established?
1974

History (4 decks)

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