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Crime and punishment Flashcards

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1
Q

Name some crimes against the person?

A

Murder, rape, assault, public disorder

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2
Q

List crimes against property:

A

Arson, theft, counterfeiting coins.

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3
Q

List three crimes against authority:

A

Hersey, treason, rebellion.

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4
Q

Why is poaching seen as a social crime?

A

It is seen as acceptable for people as it helped people to survive catching animals on others land.

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5
Q

What were the forest laws?
Who created them?

A
  1. Only those who paid for hunting rights were able to hunt in the Royal Forest
  2. William I
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6
Q

How much of england was Royal Forest

A

30%

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7
Q

Why did the creation of Forest Laws cause resentment?

A

Villagers were evicted from land in preparation for the Royal Forest

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8
Q

What was the Murdrum Fine- norman

A

If an Anglo Saxon murdered a Norman and the culprit was not caught a large sum of money was paid by the hundred where the body was found.

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9
Q

What was the effect of the Murdrum Fine?

A

Murdering a Norman became more serious than murdering an Anglo Saxon

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10
Q

What was a buhr and its purpose? - anglo saxon

A

A fortified town where trade links would take place.

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11
Q

What were Tithings - AS?

A

10 men under the age of 12 who were responsible for each other’s behaviour, eg taking one to court

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12
Q

What was the responsibility of a Shire Reeve?

A

Local man in the community who would take criminals to court and make sure their punishment was carried out.

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13
Q

Name the 3 different types of courts in anglo saxon society

A

Royal court, hundred court and shire courts.

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14
Q
  1. When were Royal Courts used?
  2. Hundred courts?
  3. Shire Court?
A
  1. Most serious crimes eg treason
  2. Petty crimes
  3. Lesser crimes eg petty theft
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15
Q

What was oath taking in Anglo Saxon England?

A

The guilty could swear an oath under their innocence giving them innocent from their crime avoiding punishment.

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16
Q

Who decided a persons guilt or innocence if the jury was unable to?

A

The Church so God could decide a persons innocence in a trial by ordeal

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17
Q

Name one new law enforcement introduced by the Normans in 1066?

A

Trial by Combat- two people involved would fight till one was killed or one surrenders (either way getting put to death)

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18
Q

What were the responsibilities of Parish Constables? - Norman law enforcement

A

Local people nominated by the community
Unpaid constables did their jobs well
Holding post for a year.

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19
Q

What did JP’s do?

A

Justices of Peace met every 4 years to discuss crimes.

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20
Q

What was capital punishment?

A

Punishment with the outcome of death.

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21
Q

What was corporal punishment?

A

The intent to harm the criminal

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22
Q

What was Sanctuary in Church?

A

Also known as protection from the law, a person could claim sanctuary by going to the church. The accused could agree to go to court or leave the country within 40 days.

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23
Q

What is Benefit of the Clergy?

A

Claiming this to avoid punishment for crimes.

24
Q

Why were church courts different to others?

A

More lenient and likely to offer a chance to reform.

25
Q

Why is Sanctuary and Benefit of the Clergy significant?

A

Shows the justice system was not equal as the Church operated outside of other authorities and treated others differently for example benefit of the Clergy was not available to women as they could not be priests.

26
Q

Name the 3 Trial by Ordeals?

A

Trail by hot water/ iron, trial by water, trail by consecrated bread.

27
Q

Which period was heresy the highest?

A

Early Modern England

28
Q

What was the punishment for hersey

A

Burned at the stake

29
Q

What were vagabonds?

A

Unemployed homeless person in Early Modern England.

30
Q

What was smuggling and what type of crime was it considered to be?

A

Bringing goods into the country secretly to avoid paying import tax.
Social crime making it hard to enforce

31
Q

What was the responsibilities of Night Watchmen? early modern.

A

Carried a lamp to light their way, rang a bell to alert people, patrolled the streets watching for criminals, male householders were expected to volunteer as an unpaid role.

32
Q

What were the responsibilities of Town Constables?

A

Had the power to arrest and take suspects to JP’s
Helped with town administration
In charge of the Watchmen in their area
Respected members of society

33
Q

What was the Bloody Code?

A

Crimes punishable by death, from 1688 to 1825.

34
Q

Where were criminals transported to during early modern england under James I?

A

America, to do manual labour and often those could not afford to return to England.

35
Q

What did Transportation as punishment show?

A

. Gave criminals the chance of rehabilitation while still acting as a deterrent
. new aims of punishments with reform
. establishes inhabitants and workers to discover the American colonies while removing criminals from England

36
Q

What were Coroners?

A

Investigated suspicious deaths

37
Q

What were Thief Takers?
EARLY MODERN

A

Role was to return stolen property and report thieves to the authorities

38
Q

What was the punishment for vagabonds in early modern england?

A

Whipping, mutilation, houses of correction, exile

39
Q

what were The Houses of Correction?

A

Like prisons, hard labour

40
Q

case study: GUNPOWDER PLOT (1605)

A

. 12 Catholics eg Robert Catesby, Guy Fawkes
Why : James the first introduced anti-Catholic laws and was highly protestant
. Guy Fawkes was found in the cellar with gunpowder and was arrested
. Fawkes was held in the Tower of London and was tortured
. All plotters were hung, drawn and quartered and their body parts were taken around the country
. This was a deterrent for all future plotters - treason
. Laws against Catholics were then strengthen because of this.

41
Q

WITH HUNTS AND MATTHEW HOPKINS

A

reasons for witch hunts
. around 90% of women were accused of being witches, widows and unmarried women especially
. Religious Upheaval
. Demonologie written by James the first discussing the dangers of witches

42
Q

Matthew Hopkins’s
( case study)

A

. executed around 300 witches
. Looking for facial appearances such as warts and moles to claim the devil had sucked their blood
. depriving the accused of sleep
. Trial by water for witches

43
Q

What crimes increased in industrial england?

A

Highway Robbery
Smuggling
Poaching

44
Q

What was the reasons for increase in Highway Robbery?

A

. more travel between towns
. growth of towns
. horses and guns were cheaper to purchase
. isolated areas around towns and cities meant fewer witnesses to the crime

45
Q

Reasons for a decline in Highway Robbery?

A

. from 1772 being caught armed on a road was a capital crime
. patrols were set up
. banking improved, fewer people travelled with valuables

46
Q

Reasons why crimes change?

A

Attitudes to society
Growth of Towns
Individuals
wealth
Poverty
Technology

47
Q

Why did accusations of Witchcraft decrease in Industrial England?

A

People rejected superstitions
Increase in scientific interest know as the Enlightenment

48
Q

Tolpuddle Martyrs

A

Wanted a trade union
sentenced to seven years transportation to Australia
Protests and campaigns to free them
The Government pardoned the Martyrs
This shows: inequality of the justice system, the government would do what would benefit them the most

49
Q

Police force in Britain

A

. in fear of revolution- lots of living standards fell and costs increased
. industrialisation + growth of towns

50
Q

The first police forces

A

1749: The Fieldings brothers set up the Bow Street Runners
. a paid professional force, deterring criminals patrolling the streets and major roads, arresting suspects and collecting / sharing evidence
. 1829 : Metropolitan Police
. first government funded police force
. regular patrol ( the beat) arrest criminals and deter, uniformed but not heavily armed

51
Q

What is CID

A

criminal investigations department

52
Q

Public Execution abolishment 1868

A

. atmosphere was rowdy and gave the crowd perfect opportunities for pickpocketing
. great sympathy for the criminal being executed
. more like entertainment than a moral lesson so became very ineffective

53
Q

reasons FOR transportation:

A

. Many Jury’s did not want to convict the accused of the death penalty
. In 1851 gold was discovered in Australia so thousand of british people tried to find money to pay for the journey there
. Australia was colonised by the British empire

54
Q

Against transportation

A

. ineffective deterrent it was seen more of a better climate and more like a summers holiday
. Many Brits continued living in Australia becoming respectable members of community
. Transportation was costing half a million pounds every year
. prisoners had won a ticket to leave more like an opportunity due to the better wages in Australia
. crime rate did not decrease in GB
, Australia did not want convicts living there

55
Q

Why did witchcraft stop being a crime

A

. More interest in science due to the Royal Society set up by Charles II explored scientific experiments
. economic and social changes led to more prosperity and political stability
. educated people became less superstitious

56
Q

Other reasons why transportation ended to Australia?

A

. became an attractive place to go due to the discovery of gold so didn’t want criminals
. too expensive and not a strong enough deterrent others felt the hard labour was too harsh for the criminal and leaving family was also
. prisons were starting to be used - cheaper to run

history (5 decks)

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