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Crime and Punishment Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the types of crime during the Anglo Saxon period (410 to 1066 AD)?

A

Murder
Drunk and disorderly
Ploughing someone else’s fields

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2
Q

What were common punishments during the Anglo Saxon period (410 to 1066 AD)?

A

Stock/pillary
Fines
Corporal punishment

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3
Q

What were the types of policing during the Anglo Saxon period (410 to 1066 AD)?

A

Tithings
Hue and cry

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4
Q

What trials were there during the Anglo Saxon period (410 to 1066 AD)?

A

Trial by ordeal
Trial by Jury
Trial by blessed bread

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5
Q

What was a tithing?

A

Group of 10 men above the age of 12 which made sure nobody in the group committed a crime otherwise they would report it ASAP - otherwise a fine would be payed

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6
Q

Why did the Anglo Saxons use tithings?

A

It helped deter crimes and it used regular civilians instead of officials

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7
Q

What is a hue and cry?

A

When a victim or witness raised a “hue and cry” so the entire village would stop and catch the criminal - if one person didn’t do it then the whole village had to pay a heavy fine

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8
Q

Why was a hue and cry used?

A

It was an almost guaranteed of catching a criminal while being patrolled by the village

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9
Q

What was the trial by local jury?

A

Men from the local village who knew the accuser and accused and form a jury
No evidence meant it would be decided by what type of person both were
If the accused was more honest they would do compurgation

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10
Q

Why was the trial by local jury used?

A

It helped see if people were lying or not and catch criminals. It would check if the accused actually committed the crime

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11
Q

What is a trial by ordeal?

A

If a local jury couldn’t decide guilty or innocent this would happen in a church (apart from trial by cold water) with a priest present.

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12
Q

What were the different trials in trial by ordeal and who were they taken by?

A

Trial by hot water - by men
Trial by cold water - by men
Trial by blessed bread - by priests
Trial by hot iron - by women

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13
Q

Why was the trial of ordeal used?

A

God would decide where people couldn’t to see in the accused was guilty (didn’t work)

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14
Q

What is wergild?

A

A fine for injuring or killing someone that was unfair

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15
Q

How much would you get fined for certain things in wergild?

A

Noble - 300 shillings
Freeman - 100 shillings
Lower for peasants and even lower for welshmen
An eye - 50 shillings
An arm - 6 shillings

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16
Q

Why was wergild used?

A

So people didn’t harm or kill others - rich people sometimes killed peasants for fun

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17
Q

What was is capital and corporal punishment during the Anglo Saxon period (410 to 1066 AD)?

A

A punishment for serious crime such as treason or betraying your lord - involved mutilation and execution

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18
Q

Why was capital and corporal punishment used during the Anglo Saxon period (410 to 1066 AD)?

A

It helped deter people from more serious crimes as the punishments were severe

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19
Q

Was Anglo-Saxon justice violent and superstitious?

A

It was not violent and barely superstitious because it was highly unlikely that you would be mutilated or executed superstition was used as a last resort

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20
Q

What were the continuities to Anglo-Saxon justice after the Normans?

A

Hue and cry
Trials
Tithings

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21
Q

What were adaptations to Anglo-Saxon justice after the Normans?

A

They added a murdrum fine for killing Norman soldiers
Made it easier to get corporal and capital punishment
Fines were used for lesser crimes
Officials of the king were paid the fines instead of the victim

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22
Q

What changes did the Normans make to Anglo-Saxon justice?

A

They added the forest laws
They introduced church courts for churchmen - they were a lot more lenient
Law was a lot harsher on women
You couldn’t own dogs, bows and arrows
They added trial by combat

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23
Q

What were the forest laws?

A

Trees couldn’t be cut down for fuel or building
You couldn’t hunt deer
Otherwise you would lose your fingers

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24
Q

What changes were made to policing by the kings in later medieval England (1100s)?

A

Parish constable
Coroner
Sheriff
A posse

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25
Q

What was the job of the parish countable in later medieval England (1100)?

A

Unpaid villager to keep the peace
Led the hue and cry for a year

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26
Q

What did the coroner do in later medieval England (1100)?

A

Paid person to record unnatural deaths

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27
Q

What was the job of the sheriff in later medieval England (1100)?

A

To track and capture criminals

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28
Q

Who were the posse in later medieval England (1100)?

A

Group of people who helped the sheriff

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29
Q

What were the continuities of policing in later medieval England (1100)?

A

Hue and cry
Tithings
Court (it changes but still was court)

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30
Q

What was the policing situation in later medieval England (1100)?

A

No police force
Hue and cry were used to catch criminals
Tithing had to bring the accused to court

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31
Q

What were the changes made by the kings to trials in later medieval England (1100)?

A

There was a royal court:
5 judges and scribes
Dealt with more serious crimes

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32
Q

What were the continuities of trials in later medieval England (1100)?

A

Jury was still local villagers
Still an oath of compurgation if no evidence was found

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33
Q

What was the situation of trials in later medieval England (1100)?

A

Local juries decided guilt or innocence
An undecided jury meant god would decide
Royal courts for serious crimes
Manor courts for unserious crimes

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34
Q

What were the changes to punishments made by the king in later medieval England (1100)?

A

Murder meant death
Could pay the king an expensive fine for pardon
Could fight in the army as a punishment
Could seek sanctuary in a church - means leaving the country in 40 days or face trial

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35
Q

What were the continuities to punishment in later medieval England (1100)?

A

Benefit of the clergy

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36
Q

What was the situation for punishment in later medieval England (1100)?

A

Normans ended weevils and fines paid the king
Serious crimes and re-offenders were punished with death

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37
Q

Did the church hinder medieval justice (most hindered down to helped)?

A

Sanctuary
Churchman was never sentenced to death
Benefit of the clergy (people would learn verses) - neck verses
Trial by ordeal
Church courts dealt with moral offences

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38
Q

What were the types of crime in the early modern era?

A

Thievery
Begging
Selling bad goods
Cheating at cards
Treason
Witchcraft
Debts

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39
Q

What were the punishments in the early modern era?

A

Stocks
Pillory
Whipping
Hanging
Fines
Hung, drawn and quartered

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40
Q

What were the types of policing (crime prevention) in the early modern era?

A

Hue and cry
Tithings
Limbs of display
Constance

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41
Q

What were the trials in the early modern era?

A

Justices of the peace

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42
Q

Who were the justices of the peace (JPs)?

A

People who could fine, bind and arrest people who were disturbing the peace

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43
Q

Which social changes affect crime and punishment in 1500 - 1700?

A

Population growth
Economic changes
Printing
Religious turmoil
Political change
Landowners’ attitudes

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44
Q

How did population growth affect crime and punishment in 1500 to 1700s?

A

More poverty and unemployment meant more stealing - harder to find work

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45
Q

How did economic changes affect crime and punishment in 1500 to 1700s?

A

England was getting wealthier with majority of people poor - they turned to crime due to expensive food from bad harvests and this meant harsher punishments

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46
Q

How did printing affect crime and punishment in 1500 to 1700s?

A

People read about more crimes and believed them therefore being more fearful towards crimes (witchcraft and begging)

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47
Q

How did religious turmoil affect crime and punishment in 1500 to 1700s?

A

Country kept switching from catholic to Protestant (and vice versa) so people believed the other religion was in league with the devil - more people believed in the supernatural

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48
Q

How did political change affect crime and punishment in 1500 to 1700s?

A

English civil war (1642-1649) - execution of King Charles I - people felt like the world turned upside down and therefore more fearful and insecure

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49
Q

How did landowners’ attitudes affect crime and punishment in 1500 to 1700s?

A

Rich regarded the poor with suspicion and wanted to keep the poor in their place by having an influence on crime and punishment - meant harsher punishments

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50
Q

How did changing religion during Henry VIII affect crime and punishment?

A

Roman Catholics would be executed if they didn’t recognise him as head of the church
Protestants would be executed with monks

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51
Q

What was the order of the religious rollercoaster?

A

Henry VIII - Catholicism
Edward VI - Protestantism
Mary - Catholicism
Elizabeth - Protestantism

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52
Q

How did religion during Edward VI affect crime and punishment?

A

All monks and Catholics were to be executed

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53
Q

How did religion during Bloody Mary affect crime and punishment?

A

Protestants were to be executed

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54
Q

How did punishment during Elizabeth I affect crime and punishment?

A

Leading catholic would be spied on

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55
Q

What were the changes in law enforcement 1500 - 1700?

A

Town watchmen were employed
Sergeants were employed

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56
Q

What did town watchmen do 1500 - 1700?

A

Employed in larger towns
Patrol the streets in day and night
Barely paid and basically useless
Arrest drunks and vagabonds
Look through windows to see if anyone was breaking the law

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57
Q

What did sergeants do 1500 - 1700?

A

Employee to enforce market regulations
They weighed goods and collected fines from bad traders

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58
Q

What was an example of an adaptation to law enforcement 1500 - 1700?

A

Benefit of the clergy remained
Law now prevented serious crime offenders from claiming it

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59
Q

What were continuities to law en for cent 1500 - 1700?

A

Hue and cry led by constables
Parish constables
Citizens were used
Justices of the peace remained

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60
Q

How was the hue and cry used for law enforcement 1500 - 1700?

A

Constable lead it and the local posse also helped it

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61
Q

How were parish constables used for law enforcement 1500 - 1700?

A

Main defence against crime
No weapons or uniform
Part time and didn’t go on patrol
Could inflict some punishments
Expected to hold suspects till their trial

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62
Q

How were citizens used for law enforcement 1500 - 1700?

A

Expected to get an arrest warrant from a magistrate and deliver criminals to the constable themselves

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63
Q

How were justices of the peace (JPs) used for law enforcement 1500 - 1700?

A

The judged manor court cases
Could fine people
Sent people to stocks
Could order people to be whipped

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64
Q

How were vagabonds treated due to the 1531 act?

A

They were whipped and then had to return to their birthplace or previous residence

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65
Q

How were vagabond treated due to the act in 1547?

A

First offence - 2 years slavery
Second offence - lifetime slavery or execution

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66
Q

What happened in 1550 to vagabonds?

A

1547 act was too harsh so 1531 act revived

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67
Q

What happened to vagabonds during the 1572 act?

A

First offence - whipping and burning part of the ear
Second offence - execution

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68
Q

What happened to vagabonds in 1576?

A

Houses of correction were built in every country to punish and employ persistent beggars

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69
Q

What happened to vagabonds in 1593?

A

1572 act was too harsh so 1531 revived again

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70
Q

What happened to vagabonds in 1598?

A

Whipped and sent home - if they didn’t change - they could be sent to a house of correction, banished or executed

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71
Q

Why were ordinary people afraid of vagabonds?

A

They believed that the devil speaks to them and that they are sinful people who commit crimes for money

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72
Q

What are parish constables and JPs worried about vagabonds?

A

They believed that all the money is going to vagabond and that is why the poor is suffering

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73
Q

Why were the rich and wealthy afraid of vagabonds?

A

They already pay the poor rates for their own town and don’t want to be spending their money on idle people from other towns

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74
Q

Why did the government not like vagabonds?

A

They believed all vagabonds were criminals or chose to be idle

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75
Q

What made vagabond treatment a lot more harsh?

A

Thomas Harman’s pamphlet exaggerated on who vagabonds were

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76
Q

How did Matthew Hopkins lead to an increase in cases of witchcraft?

A

He made it more public and killed many people for ‘witchcraft’
He found and made finding witches easier
He always made his known so people would be more wary and suspicious

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77
Q

How did poverty and wealth (village tensions) lead to an increase of witchcraft?

A

Unemployed/poor people were accused most of the time
The wealthy felt pressured when someone asked them for something and then something bad happened to them - they blamed it on witchcraft

78
Q

When were witch hunts very prominent?

A

1645

79
Q

How did changes in the law lead to an increase of witchcraft in 1645?

A

It became a criminal offense - people became more aware
King James I wrote a book about it (1650) - made it more infamous

80
Q

How did uncertain times cause an increase in cases of witchcraft in 1645?

A

The religion kept changing with the monarch
Heightened talk of the devil made people more afraid of witchcraft
Civil war made people go against god’s representative on earth

81
Q

How did pamphlets cause an increase of witchcraft in 1645?

A

It spread the word from town to town
They made people more fearful due to the horrible stories on magic

82
Q

What was the aim of the gunpowder plot?

A

To kill parliament and royal family to put Elizabeth on the throne and make catholics in charge as well as the prosecution of Protestants.

83
Q

How did the gunpowder plot play out?

A
  1. Basement rented under parliament and barrels of gunpowder were there
  2. Some gunpowder went off and more had to be bought - parliament was delayed as well
  3. More conspirators means higher chance of it being leaked
  4. Got leaked to Lord Mounteagle who told King James
  5. Guards found and plot was foiled
  6. Guy Fawkes was tortured, he gave the names of everyone involved and was hung, drawn and quartered.
84
Q

What were penny dreadfuls?

A

A tale that told stories of witchcraft and vagabondage negatively

85
Q

How were you more likely to be hanged due to the bloody code?

A

If you were a:
Regular thief
Cold-blooded killer
Horse thieves
Forger or counterfeiter

86
Q

How were you less likely to be killed under the bloody code?

A

Showing sorrow for your crime
A witness spoke of your good character
If those witnesses were rich or respectable
If you showed respect for court
If you only performed a minor crime

87
Q

What was pious perjury?

A

When the jury lies to save a defendant and hopefully get a reduced punishment

88
Q

What were the punishments in the Middle Ages?

A

Fines
Doing someone else’s work
Pillory/stocks
Death
Amputation
Branding
Hanging

89
Q

What were the changes of punishment 1500-1700?

A

Prison - houses of correction
Scold’s bridal
Transportation

90
Q

What were the continuities of punishments 1500 - 1700?

A

Death
Fines
Pillory
Whipping
Hanging
Branding

91
Q

What happened to crime when the bloody code was introduced?

A

It decreased

92
Q

How many crimes were punishable by death in 1688?

A

50 crimes

93
Q

How many crimes were punishable by death in 1765 (due to the bloody code)?

A

160 crimes

94
Q

How many crimes were punishable by death in 1815 (due to the bloody code)?

A

225

95
Q

What factors contributed the introduction of the bloody code?

A

Concerns about crime
People on the move
Population increase
Protecting property
Traditional views on punishment

96
Q

How did concerns about crime contribute to the introduction of the bloody code?

A

Pamphlets made the public perception of crime a lot worse - bloody code was made to put people at ease

97
Q

How did “people on the move” contribute to the introduction of the bloody code?

A

Better horses and roads meant ideas and news could travel a lot more and faster - makes everyone paranoid about crime

98
Q

How did “population increase” contribute to the introduction of the bloody code?

A

Towns growing in size and number made it easier for crimes to be committed and harder to enforce the law - bloody code prevents this

99
Q

How did “protecting property” contribute to the introduction of the bloody code?

A

Law makes we’re typically landowners and the wealthy - they felt that they had the most to lose from crimes - they made laws that made punishment even harsher

100
Q

How did “traditional views on punishment” contribute to the introduction of the bloody code?

A

Major view/idea was that severe punishments were the most effective way of controlling crime as a deterrent

101
Q

Why did highway robbery grow?

A

Horses were cheaper
There was no police force
Constables didn’t track criminals across countries
Some demobilised soldiers struggled to find honest ways of living
More people travelled in coaches
Handguns had been easier to obtain and better
Many rough roads were coaches had to slow down

102
Q

Why did Highway robbery decline?

A

Banking became better - fewer travellers carried money
Mounted patrols were set up around London
There high high reward to report the activities of highwaymen
Open land was built around London - easier to see

103
Q

Who were two common highwaymen?

A

Claude Duval
Dick turnip

104
Q

What was the Black act of 1723?

A

Hunting deer, hare or rabbits was punishable by death - anyone armed or disguised in a hunting area was assumed to be poaching and could be executed.

105
Q

Was the law on poaching too harsh (support for it)?

A

Yes because:
Only landowners whose land was worth more than £100 could poach
People still poached due to hunger and to supplement their low wages
Most people were poor and had low-wage jobs so poaching could help them

106
Q

Was the law on poaching too harsh (support against it)?

A

No because:
£100 was a huge some of money that even most landowners couldn’t acquire
Men such as JOHN LIGHTWOOD poached for excessive amounts of money
Some poachers used violence and shot gamekeepers
Organised gangs of poacher made very high profits

107
Q

Where did smuggling take place in the 18th century?

A

On coastal areas

108
Q

What goods were smuggled in the 18th century?

A

Tea
Cloth
Wine
Spirits

109
Q

Why was is so hard to get rid of smuggling in the 18th century?

A

Fear of smugglers
The attraction of smuggling
Organised gangs
Public attitudes

110
Q

How did the “fear of smuggling” make it hard to get rid of smuggling?

A

Smugglers were ruthless - prepared to use violence to keep their cargo and escape
1748, a gang of smugglers in West Sussex killed two customs officers

111
Q

How did “ the attraction of smuggling” make it hard to get rid of smuggling?

A

1748, 103 people were officially wanted as smugglers and over 70% of them were labourers
Smuggling was quick and exciting way to earn a lot of money
In Sussex, where jobs were declining, smuggling offered a better way of living

112
Q

How did “organised gangs” make it hard to get rid of smuggling?

A

Smuggling gangs could be as larger as 100 men
Gangs were well armed and not afraid of customs officers or the army
Gangs could move goods with speed and supplied to a network of traders to sell these goods

113
Q

How did “public attitudes” make it hard to get rid of smuggling?

A

People turned a blind eye to smuggling
People were happy to pay lower prices for goods and disliked expensive duties imposed by the government
Locals who helped smugglers earned loads of money than usual - made them want to help more

114
Q

Why were landowners in England worried about the French Revolution?

A

French monarchy was overthrown and thousands of people were guillotined - landowners worried the same things might happen in Britain

115
Q

How did the French Revolution affect law in England?

A

Laws were a lot harsher to deter poor people from revolting by keeping them bust with work

116
Q

What was the GNCTU?

A

Grand National Consolidated Trades Union - aimed to bring workers to fight for better conditions

117
Q

Why did the GNCTU worry ruling classes?

A

Ruling classes believed that unions such as the GNCTU would threaten their businesses and harm their interests by asking for better conditions

118
Q

Who were the toldpuddle martyrs?

A

Labourers led by George Loveless from toldpuddle that set up a union called “friendly society of agricultural labourers” that asked their employers to increase their wages after they had been cut

119
Q

What “crime” did the toldpuddle martyrs commit?

A

A law meant for the navy that made taking secret oaths illegal

120
Q

Why were the toldpuddle martyrs innocent?

A

The law that they “broke” was meant for the navy and joining a union wasn’t illegal. They didn’t harm anyone or even go on strike

121
Q

How were the toldpuddle martyrs punished?

A

Sentenced to 7 years transportant to Australia

122
Q

What did the people do after the toldpuddle martyrs were sentenced?

A

Treated them as martyrs for human rights - a campaign was organised against their unfair treatment - 25,000 people attended a meeting in London and 250,000 people singed a petition there demanding the release of the toldpuddle martyrs.

123
Q

Why did the government change the definition of a crime to punish the toldpuddle martyrs?

A

To actually convict them if something and have a reason to punish them with transportation

124
Q

What factors changed crime and punishment during the Industrial Revolution?.

A

Population rise and movement
Work
Voting rights
Harvests
Travel
Wealth and taxes
Education
Growing acceptance of government involvement
New ideas about human nature

125
Q

How did “population rise a movement” affect crime and punishment during the Industrial Revolution?

A

The population increased by over 30 million during this time which meant more policing was needed and more punishments needed to be introduced

126
Q

How did “work” affect crime and punishment during the Industrial Revolution?

A

18-19th century, farm work to factories and workshops - more opportunities for crime meant a bigger police force was needed

127
Q

How did “voting rights” affect crime and punishment during the Industrial Revolution?

A

More voting meant people could vote on how approaching on policing and punishment would change so punishment would get harsher as long with policing getting better

128
Q

How did “harvest” affect crime and punishment during the Industrial Revolution?

A

Food being imported meant bad harvests didn’t affect England as much anymore so stricter policing and punishments were needed to prevent illegal importing of goods to evade taxes.

129
Q

How did “travel” affect crime and punishment during the Industrial Revolution?

A

Railways were introduced in the 1800s so policing had to get better along with punishments as people could now easily run away

130
Q

How did “wealth and taxes” affect crime and punishment during the Industrial Revolution?

A

Wealthier people got taxed more which helped fund the government get a better police force and better punishments

131
Q

How did “education” affect crime and punishment during the Industrial Revolution?

A

Much more people went to education and became illiterate which meant less crimes and punishments as children learnt right from wrong

132
Q

How did “the growing acceptance of government involvement” affect crime and punishment during the Industrial Revolution?

A

People started to accept that the government should control certain things which meant more punishments so the government could control things better

133
Q

How did “new ideas about human nature” affect crime and punishment during the Industrial Revolution?

A

People started to believe in evolution and question why crime was performed in the first place which meant crime and punishment decreased a bit.

134
Q

Who introduced the “bow street runners”?

A

Henry and John Fielding

135
Q

What did the bow street runners consist of?

A

6 paid policeman working full-time

136
Q

When did the bow street horse runners get introduced?

A

1805

137
Q

What happened in 1798 regarding policing?

A

Merchants were encouraged to pay for a marine police force on the Thames called the “river police”

138
Q

What happened in 1819 that sped up the need of a police force?

A

Rioting kept happening so the army had to come however they didn’t know how to handle mass rioting

139
Q

When were the metropolitan police introduced?

A

1829

140
Q

Who introduced the metropolitan police?

A

Sir Robert Peel

141
Q

What role did Henry and John fielding have in 1754?

A

London magistrates

142
Q

Why did the fielding brothers think crime was on the rise?

A

Thousands of people flooded into London to make a living and corrupt politicians set a bad examples

143
Q

When did Henry fielding introduce the bow street runners?

A

1748

144
Q

When did John fielding develop the bow street runners?

A

1754

145
Q

What were the two primary functions of the bow street runners?

A

Patrolled London in the evenings and investigated crimes along with presenting evidence in court

146
Q

What were thief-takers in 1500-1700?

A

Individuals who were hired or appointed to recover stolen property and capture criminals

147
Q

What did the bow street horse runners get known as?

A

Robin redbreasts due to their red uniform

148
Q

What the bow street horse runners weee introduced, how many initial members were there?

A

54

149
Q

How did the fielding brothers launch an early form of crime intelligence?

A

Their established a newspaper called “The hue and cry”

150
Q

What did the newspaper “hue and cry” publish?

A

Info about criminals, crime and stolen goods

151
Q

How did the bow street runners get paid originally?

A

They charged fees and collected rewards

152
Q

When did the bow street runners start getting paid by the government?

A

1785

153
Q

What was the Middlesex justices act?

A

It organised policing in Middlesex

154
Q

How many bow street runner were there by 1800?

A

60

155
Q

Why did people not fully trust a full-time professional police force?

A

People didn’t want the increased tax and they felt that it prevented their freedom

156
Q

What are 5 reasons as to how Robert Peel was able to set up the metropolitan police when he did?

A
  1. He used stats to show the rise of criminality
  2. The government was allowed to tax more due to the war with France
  3. Increased crime due to the French wars
  4. Fear or protests from high food prices and unemployment
  5. Many people were crammed into streets
157
Q

What were Peel’s aims when setting up the metropolitan police?

A

Crime prevention
Public order
Community policing
Professionalism
A system of accountability within the police force

158
Q

What were the requirements of joining the metropolitan police?

A

At least 5 foot 7
Fit and in good health
No criminal record
Able to use force when necessary
Able to start September 1829

159
Q

What were 4 attributes of what the metropolitan police was?

A

Had to light lamps in the streets
Employee full time with weekly pay
Help various public services
Catch criminals in the act

160
Q

What were 5 ranks in the metropolitan police?

A

Commissioner
Superintendent
Inspector
Constables
Sergeant

161
Q

What were some reasons that the metropolitan police was successful in the long term?

A

They had rules to abide to:
Existence of the police was to prevent crime
Only use force when necessary
The ability of the police to do their duty depended on public approval
Always direct their action to their function
Use advice, persuasion and warning before violence

162
Q

What were some problems faced by the Metropolitan police when it was set up?

A

Cartoons portrayed them badly
People thought policing would limit their personal liberties
People thought policing would be military style or French
Concerns of increased tax

163
Q

What was some of the uninformed issued to new met police officers!

A

Blue tail coat
Top hat
Handcuffs
Truncheon
Wooden rattle

164
Q

When was the bloody code abolished?

A

1832 after the 1832 reform act

165
Q

Why did the bloody code get abolished (4 wide topics)?

A

Attitudes in society
Institutions government
Individuals
Science and technology

166
Q

How did “attitudes in society” help abolish the bloody code?

A

Growing amounts of philosophers who thought it was brutal and people started believing that the bloody code was undermining the law as criminals didn’t get convicted because the judges didn’t want to.

167
Q

How did “institutions government” help abolish the bloody code?

A

Only 40% of people given the death penalty were actually hanged making criminals more confident escaping alive

168
Q

How did “individuals” help abolish the bloody code?

A

Sir Robert Peel made key individual contribution to penal reform by emphasising that police enforcement was better than harsh punishments and the establishment of the first full-time police force made harsh punishments less necessary.

169
Q

How did “science and technology” help abolish the bloody code?

A

As technology got better, better methods of punishment such as transportation were introduced.

170
Q

When did transportation end?

A

1857

171
Q

Why did transportation end in 1857?

A

Britain didn’t want what happened in America (independence) happening in Australia
It was expensive where prisons were a lot cheaper
Crime rate had increased when it was introduced
Settlers pressured the government to stop sending criminals
More of a possibility than a punishment

172
Q

What were reason for transportation?

A

It provided a less harsh punishment than hanging
It reduced crime in Britain by removing criminals
It helped claim Australia as British land
It would reform criminals through hard work (ticket of leave)

173
Q

How were prisons originally used in the 1700s?

A

To house people on debt or those awaiting trial

174
Q

How did prison change in the 1800s?

A

It became the normal method of punishing criminals
Reformation in prison became the reason for punishment
The government took over the prison system

175
Q

What was bad about prisons before the 1823 Gaols Act?

A

It was a school for crime
Prison wardens were unpaid and charged prisoners for better conditions
Poorest inmates suffered as they relied on charities to pay their fees
Prisons were healthy - people died from “Gaol fever”

176
Q

How did the Gaols act of 1823 change prisons?

A

Worse criminals were separated from first time offenders
Prison warden and governors were paid
All prisoners got proper food
Prions had to be healthy - good water and drainage
Magistrates had to check on prisons in their area

177
Q

How prisons built in 1842 and 1877 designed?

A

They were designed like Pentonville prison based on the “separate system”

178
Q

What was the separate system?

A

It reformed criminals by reducing contact with other prisoners as much as possible - they spent most their time alone in cell to reflect on crimes.
Criminals wore masks and had rope knotted at 4.5m to prevent communication
Prisoners learnt to weave to be contributing members of society

179
Q

What were the strengths of the ‘separate system’?

A

Prisons were no longer schools of crime
Prisoners could reform and become contributing members of society

180
Q

What were the issues with the ‘separate system’?

A

Some prisoners went mad, had nervous breakdown or committed suicide due to solitary confinement
It was expensive

181
Q

What was the 1865 Prison Act?

A

The ‘Silent System’ which lead to the toughening of prisons and returned prisons as a deterrent rather than for reformation

182
Q

What two reasons led to the toughening of prisons?

A

Penny Dreadfuls had tales of crime and increased public fears
There was a belief of a ‘criminal type’ who could only be deterred by tougher prisons

183
Q

What was the ‘criminal type’?

A

People thought to be less evolved that would only not perform crime by harsher punishments

184
Q

What did the 1865 prisons act state?

A

Prisons should be “hard labour, hard fare and hard board”
Pointless work for hours, same food everyday and hard wooden bunks to sleep on

185
Q

Who were the reformers?

A

John Howard
Elizabeth Fry
Sir Robert Peel

186
Q

Why did John Howard become a reformer?

A

He is inspected prisons and was in shock. 1777 he published a report - The state of prisons in England and Wales but was criticised for being lenient

187
Q

What were John Howard’s main ideas?

A

Healthier accommodation
Separation of prisoners
Decent diet
Better prison guards

188
Q

Why did Elizabeth Fry become a reformer?

A

She was a Quaker (everyone can be reformed) and very religious. She visited prisons and as horrified at what she saw - exploitation of women prisoners

189
Q

What were Elizabeth Fry’s main ideas?

A

For Quakers to visit prisons and offer assistance
Set up prayer rooms for the women in order to give religious instruction
Stop exploitation of women in prisons

190
Q

Why did Sir Robert Peel become a reformer?

A

He wanted to reduce crime and to try and fix London.

191
Q

What were the main ideas of Sir Robert Peel (as a reformer)?

A

Prisoners to be fed
Prisons warden and governors to be paid
Prisons must have water and drainage
Male and female prisoners to be separated
Magistrates check in prisoners
Prisoners should attend church
Women should have female wardens

History (7 decks)

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