Crime and Law Flashcards
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Economic CAUSES of Crime
*Poverty. Cost of living, poor people, Stealing, survival shoplifting. 28%
*Greed. Selfish, desire more, Luxuries, life can’t afford. Natalie McGarry, Embezzled £25,000.
Social CAUSES of Crime
*Alcohol & Drugs. Fund addiction, alter understanding of right and wrong, aggressive. 40% Scottish prisoners drunk when committing
*Adverse childhood experiences. Bad upbringing, not taught what’s right and wrong, abused.4+ Aces = 20x more likely prison
Biological CAUSES of Crime
*Mental Disorder. lack guilt, more likely to commit. Aaron Campbell determined psycho killed Alesha.
*Sex. Men, Testosterone, historically Aggressive. 96% prisoners Male
CONSEQUENCES of Crime (Victim)
*Injuries. Scars, Bruises, etc. Andrew Wallace, result in death.
CONSEQUENCES of Crime (Perpetrator)
*Excluded, Family not seeing, Depression. Aaron Campbell raped, Parents want nothing to do with him.
GOVERNMENT RESPONSE. Policies that have been effective.
*Caledonian System. 2 year, Domestic abusers, men learn coping. Domestic abuse 4%.
*Minimum Unit Pricing on Alcohol. unit 65p, less violent crime, stop excessive drinking. Drunken offences 94%.
*Hate has no home in Scotland. campaign raises Awareness on hate, deter, hate against certain groups decreased. Racial hate crime 7%.
GOVERNMENT RESPONSE. Policies that have been INeffective.
*#Drivesmart, gran tell off for drink drive, increased bad, Dangerous driving deaths 47%
*Limit the number of short sentences. Limit sentences of under 1 year to reduce reoffending, soft touch, people breach tags. 1 in 4 breach tag conditions.
*Hate has no home in Scotland. hate certain groups increase. Hate crimes Transgender, 87%.
ROLES of Criminal COURTS
*To Determine Guilt. Hear arguments and evidence, Decide. High court, Determine Andrew Wallace guilty.
*To Sentence. Punish, Consider age/history. High court, Andrew Wallace, Life
*To Prove Justice. Responsibility, Justice for victims and families, punish appropriately.
Why are COURTS Effective?
*They prioritise rehabilitation for young people. for under 25’s, effective, change behaviour, not learn crime in jail. Number of under 25’s in jail dropped by one - third.
*The sentences they give deter people. Harsh, put off others, effective as some crimes decrease. after Mark Meechan case, deter religious crimes, 16%.
- They can offer restorative justice. Perpetrator explain/apologise to victim/family, effective as more power to victims, closure. Government work with SACRO, Restorative justice.
Why are COURTS INeffective?
*The Sentences they give aren’t harsh enough. prioritise rehab for young people, ineffective, escape harsh sentences, victims traumatised. Sean Hogg raped, 270 hours work, 13 year old Girl (PTSD)
*The Not-Proven Verdict is overused. Jury take ‘Easy way out’, guilty walk free, ineffective, rape victims no justice. 48% rape cases led to conviction.
*Trials face very long delays. COVID delayed trials, witnesses forget info, ineffective, victims/fam, years justice/closure.
CHS TIMELINE
*Referral) Concern, contact reporter.
*The investigation) Reporter look a referral, decide.
*The Hearing) Panel, (child, parent, reporter, teacher, social worker), discuss next steps
*The outcome) Decisions taken and put into action.
RIHNO = Referral, Investigation, Hearing ‘n’ Outcome.
What are the ROLES of the CHS?
*To investigate any referrals. Reporter has responsibility look into referrals, decide if children’s hearing, ensure protected, support. 22,000 hearings in 2022.
*To listen and make legal decisions with and for children. panel hear young people, informal setting where they base their decisions. may impose CSO stating where the child must live, e.g. foster care.
What are the POWERS of the CHS?
*They can issue a compulsory supervision order (CSO). panel has power, social worker monitor ensure child safe. If childs in danger, remove, foster care.
*They can issue a Movement Restriction Condition (MRC).
Order restricts a childs movement, stay somewhere, up to 12 hours. electronic tag to monitor location
What are the ROLES of the POLICE?
*PREVENT) inform public through campaigns, #DontTolerateHate, awareness, highlight punishments to deter. Racial hate crimes, 7%.
*PROTECT) Keep public order, at events, staying visible, in case needed to respond. Armed police at Glasgow Airport.
*INVESTIGATE) Once a crime is committed, use different departments, Forensics gather evidence to catch perpetrator. Forensics, Julie Reilly, Blood samples.
What are the POWERS of the POLICE?
*Detain & Arrest. Can arrest after investigation when they believe they committed a crime, detain up to 24 hours.
*Stop & Search. Can stop and ask for name, address and where you’re going, only if they suspect you’ve committed. e.g. Mark Renton, Found £620 worth of heroin.
*Enter Premises. Can enter a property without warrant if they think someones lifes in danger, a break in, or pursuing criminal. e.g. they searched Avril Jones and Edward Cairney’s house.
Reasons why POLICE are Effective at tackling crime
*Police Scotland have successfully investigated murder cases. Investigate through forensics, questioning, solved lots, punished criminals. 2013 - 2023, all homicides solved.
*Many of their preventative campaigns have been successful. #DontTolerateHate, has raised awareness, prevented hate against some groups. Racial hate crimes, 7%.
*The public say the police keep us safe. Police Scotland, good record in preparing for events, mounted officers to deter and protect. 60% of Glasweigians thought they were well prepared for COP26.
Reasons why POLICE are INeffective at tackling crimes.
*Some officers are corrupt. Cases where officers commit crimes, Public don’t feel safe. Sarah Everard was killed by officer Wayne Couzens.
- Some of their campaigns aimed to prevent crimes didn’t work. #DontTolerateHate, meant to raise awareness, unsuccessful, hate crimes increased. Transgender hate crime, 87%.
*Too few police officers. Over the years police cut down due to funding, Ineffective, not enough to tackle crime. Officer numbers, 4%, crime increase.
What is the STRUCTURE of the POLICE?
*Local Policing. Build relationships in community, stop people in community committing. Barrhead schools, PC Lorraine, internet safety presentations.
*Forensics. Specialist team, investigate, looking at DNA, fingerprints, blood etc to catch offender. Forensics found Julie Reilly’s blood in Andrew Wallace’s flat.
*Armed Police. Used in potentially dangerous situations, protect public from threat. Armed Police at Glasgow Airport.
What is the PURPOSE of PRISONS?
*To Rehabilitate prisons. Prisons run educational courses, develop skills, when released are productive members of society. England prisons, Clink Restaurants, trian prisoners how to be chefs/waiters, have skills to get a job
*To protect the Public. by locking up dangerous criminals, unable to hurt people, keeps public safe. By locking up Andrew Wallace, was no longer a threat to public.
What are Reason why PRISONS are Effective?
*SISCO Recovery Cafes. Barlinne prison, Recovery cafes offer safe environment. Learn tools and coping strategies for addiction, no officers. Derek Hobbs said “The biggest help to his sobriety”.
*Acts as a Deterrent. Purpose to punish, no luxuries, prisons scary so deter. prevents and protects. Aaron Campbell was beaten in his cell, front tooth through lip, scare potential perpetrators.
*Provides Justice for Families/Victims. They feel justice, they think prisons the best as its the most severe, sense of closure. Karen Buckley’s family said “Justice has been served, Alexander Pacteau.
What are Reasons why PRISONS are INeffective?
*Poor Conditions make Rehabilitation hard. Barlinne 139% capacity, small shared cells, three people in double occupancy cells, during COVID-19 23 hours in cells. Study 2019, average time inmates spent on ‘Purposeful activities’ 12 hours a week.
*High Reoffending Rate. 2021 nearly 30% reoffending rate, not deterred, Why? Shorter sentenced people less likely to engage in rehab services, develop addictions in jail due to smuggling. The Presumption Act Against Short Sentences (2020),4,200 under 1 year sentences in first 6 months,
*Prisons are Costly. High reoffending rates = raising tax, Government provided phones to inmates costed £3 million, hacked phones for illegal use, waste of taxpayers money. 1 prisoner (Like Andrew Wallace) = £35,000 a year, Electronic tag = £2,000 a year.
for the second one - PAASS
REASONS why ALTERNATIVES OF PRISON are Effective
*They Rehabilitate. Alcohol tags take sweat every 30 min, if they keep drinking then they go to prison, lets them face their addiction. 97% offenders stayed of alcohol the year they were introduced.
*They Punish people for Low level Crimes. Sentences like a fine means they’re still punished, still deters. Ant McPartlin given 20 month driving ban, £86,000 fine, gave him time to address addiction.
Reasons why ALTERNATIVES TO PRISON are INeffective.
*Easy to Breach. Tags are often old & prone to errors, can cut tags off, forget to charge, can commit more crimes. James Wright broke off his tag and Murdered Craig McClelland, showing easy to breach.
*Not seen as Tough Enough. Prison sentences = families / victims feel justice and sense of closure, non-custodial sentences = criminals remain part of society. Sean Hogg only received 270 hours of work for raping a girl, victim said “She has been failed by the justice system.
*Fines Aren’t as Effective on Rich people. Amounted payed is based on the crime rather than income, ineffective as speeding fines are couple £100 and don’t deter rich as much as poor. Leigh Griffiths fined £200 for speeding, reoffended a further 2 times, perhaps fines didn’t have much impact financially.
