Crime and Deviance Sociologists and Statistics Flashcards
There are a lot of crimes that aren’t deviant and vice versa… - Govt Department of Transport
According to the Government Department of Transport, over 52% of drivers exceed the speed limit on 30mph roads.
Althusser - Repressive State Apparatus
Althusser argued that the state consists of two apparatuses which keep the bourgeoisie in power, one of which is the Repressive State Apparatus (RSA).
Repressive state apparatuses maintain the rule of the bourgeoisie by force, such as the police, army, and the courts.
For instance, when considering the Black Lives Matter movement, the media was key to promote ideological control around the riots and ideologies of conformity. However, when this broke down, the police and policies effectively went to criminalise the protests.
Durkheim - 3 key ideas about crime and deviance
1) Crime is inevitable and necessary
2) Crime has multiple positive functions for society
3) Too much crime is bad for society
Positive functions of crime - the publicity function - Erikson (1966)
Erikson (1966) pointed out that the dramatic setting of the courtroom where the lawyers and judges dress in special clothes, and where there is a ceremony, condemns a persons actions in a public arena. In contemporary society, newspapers also help to perform the publicity function, with their often lurid accounts of criminal acts.
Positive functions of crime - Acts as a warning device to indicate that aspects of society is malfunctioning - Cohen
Cohen suggests that certain deviant acts are useful warning devices to indicate that an aspect of society is malfunctioning. This may draw attention to the problem and lead to measures to solve it.
Too much crime - Durkheim
Durkheim believed that the result of too much crime would lead to the development of a state he called ‘anomie’. This means that people regard the social expectations to respect the rights and the needs of others as unimportant and prefer to look after their own interests, even at their neighbours expense.
They return to their natural state of greed and self-interest, and this results in the long-term collapse of social order and harmony. Anomie, is dangerous and harmful to all.
Merton and Nightingale
Merton and Nightingale have pointed out that for some the desire to achieve the success goals of society outweighs the pressure to obey the law, advertising only adds to this strain between the legitimate means and the goal of material success.
Rothkopf - ‘Superclass’
Rothkopf coined the ‘Superclass’, who are mainly the people who run global corporations, and at the very bottom we have the lower class (in the developed world) and the slum dwellers, the street children and the refugees in the developing world.
Bauman - Capitalism, Inequality, and Crime
Bauman points out that the super wealthy effectively segregate themselves from the wealthy, through living in exclusive gated communities and travelling in private jets and armoured vehicles with security entourages. If people can afford it, they move to a better area, and send their children to private schools. However, this doesn’t prevent the poor and the rich from living side by side.
Chambliss - Crime is Justified
Chambliss even goes so far as to say that economic crime ‘’represents rational responses to the competitiveness and inequality of life in capitalist societies”.
This is because the visible evidence of massive inequality gives the people at the bottom a sense of injustice, anger, and frustration that the lack of wealth distribution is being flaunted in their faces.
The Law benefits the elite and works in their interests… - Manheim
Manheim writes that “The history of criminal legislation in England and in many countries shows that an excessive prominence was given by law to the protection of property.”.
Chambliss has argued that ‘at the heart of the Capitalist system lies the protection of Private Property’.
Health and Safety Laws - Snider (1993)
Snider (1993) argues that Capitalist states are reluctant to pass laws which regulate large capitalist concerns and which might threaten profitability.
Stuart Hall (1978) - Black Muggers
Snider (1993) - Crimes are costly
Snider (1993) points out that the cost of White Collar Crime and Corporate Crime to the economy far outweighs the cost of street crime by ‘typical’ criminals.
Cost of Fraud - General Accounting Agency
The General Accounting Agency of the USA has estimated that hundreds of savings and loan companies have failed in recent years due to insider dealing, failure to disclose accurate information and racketeering.
The cost to the taxpayer in the USA of corporate bailouts is estimated to be around $500 billion, or $5000 per household in the USA.
David Gordon - Ideological functions
David Gordon argues that the police mainly focus on policing working class (and underclass) areas and the justice system mainly focuses on prosecuting working and underclass criminals.
The system ignores the crimes of the elite and the middle classes, although both of these classes are just as likely to commit crimes as the working classes.
Gordon argues that the disproportionate prosecution of working class criminals ultimately serves to maintain ruling-class power and to reinforce ruling class ideology (thus performing ‘ideological functions’ for the ruling class.)
David Gordon - 3 benefits of law enforcement for capitalism
According to Gordon, ‘selective law enforcement’ benefits the capitalist system in three major ways:
1) Defining individuals as ‘social failures’
2) Imprisonment of the lower classes neutralises opposition to the system
3) Imprisonment of the underclass also sweeps out of sight the ‘worst jetsam of capitalist society’
An additional fourth benefit is that the focus on working class crime means that society’s attention is diverted away from the immorality and greed of the elites.
Who commits white-collar crime? - statistics
University of Cincinnati School of Criminal Justice - Three-quarters of white-collar offenders are white males.
2020 Global Study on Occupational Fraud and Abuse - About half of occupational fraud perpetrators have a university degree.
2020 Global Study on Occupational Fraud and Abuse - Thirty-nine per cent of fraud perpetrators at non-profit organizations are owners or executives.
What is labelling? - Becker (1963)
Becker (1963): his key statement about labelling is: “Deviancy is not a quality of the act a person commits, but rather a consequence of the application by others of rules and sanctions to an ‘offender’. Deviant behaviour is behaviour that people so label.”
Police and labelling - Townsley and Marshall
Studies of police officers by sociologists such as Townsley and Marshall’s study show that they operate using stereotypical assumptions or labels about what is ‘suspicious’ or ‘criminal’ in terms of social types and behaviour.
For example the decision to stop or arrest someone may be based on whether they correspond to a stereotype.
Holdaway
Holdaway notes that there is strong evidence that suggests racial stereotyping by some police officers may be a crucial element governing their decision to stop black people and their interaction with black people, especially African-Caribbeans, i.e. some officers see all black people as potentially criminal.
Home Office Statistics on police stop-and-search (2010)
Home Office statistics on police stop and search released in March 2010 can be used to support the idea that racial stereotyping underpins policing because they reveal that the police stop and search black people and Asians six times and two times respectively more than white people.
Cicourel
Primary Deviance - Lemert
Lemert argues that primary deviance is widespread and often trivial in nature. Such acts have little significance for a person’s status or identity. Those who commit primary deviance often do not see themselves as deviant.