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Sociology paper 3 > Crime and deviance > Flashcards

Crime and deviance Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are strengths and weaknesses of police recorded crimes?

A

strengths -
- easy to access, already completed
- up to date and standardised
- cover whole population and go back years

weaknesses -
- do not include unrecorded crime (dark figure)
- do not provide complete picture about each crime
- pressure for police to need reduction target rates so some crimes may disappear from figures

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2
Q

what do functionalists think of police recorded crimes?

A

quant data good and scientific, reliable and representative.

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3
Q

what do leftist think about police recorded crimes?

A

not perfect but shouldn’t be dismissed as they are about real crimes

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4
Q

what sociologists dislike police recorded crimes and why?

A

marxists - took to control wc, scare to control us
interactionists - labelling of powerless groups
radical crim - power of police to label for political reasons

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5
Q

what are victim surveys?

A

surveying people about what crimes they have been victims of

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6
Q

what is an example of a victim survey?

A

crime survey of england and wales (CSEW) or Islington crime survey

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7
Q

what are some things that CSEW found?

A
  • crime is much higher than police recorded crimes suggest (4x for some crimes)
  • more info about voilence and sexual assaults
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8
Q

what are limitations of the CSEW?

A
  • doesn’t include victimless crimes
  • only people over 16 asked so child victims ignored
  • response rate around 75% missing important data
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9
Q

what did the Islington survey find?

A
  • a third of households been touched by serious crime in last 12 months
  • 28% felt unsafe in own homes
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10
Q

what did Young say about the Islington crime survey?

A

fear of crime is real and rational, understandable that over 40% of population knew someone mugged in last 12 months

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11
Q

what are self report studies?

A

asking people what crimes they have committed

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12
Q

what did Campbell find in self report studies?

A

levels of crime and deviance admitted to between males and females were much closer than police recorded crimes showed

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13
Q

what is an example of a self report study?

A

Farrington et al cambridge study or Edinburgh study of youth transitions and crime. both longitudinal

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14
Q

what are limitations of self report studies?

A
  • validity, concerns of truthfulness and accuracy of data gained
  • attrition, pps who most difficult to find likely commit most crime, however edinburgh study 94.4% participation rate
  • ethics, need informed consent and confidentiality
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15
Q

what did 2002 social exclusion unit find about social class in offending?

A

many prisoners have history of social exclusion, more likely in care or poverty. 67% prison population unemployed

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16
Q

what did Williams et al say about offending rates and social class?

A

prison population likely run away from home or drug/alcohol misuse within family, exclusion from school etc. link between social deprivation and criminality

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17
Q

what did the british crime survey find about burglary and social class?

A

young households, unemployed and lone parents more than 2x more likely burgled.

unemployed 2x more likely victim of violence

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18
Q

what was Youngs theory of myth of equal victim?

A

poor hit harder when victims of crime

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19
Q

what is multiple victimisation?

A

poor hit by more social problems which increase their vulnerability to a range of crimes

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20
Q

what percent of crimes commmited by males (police recorded)?

A

80

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21
Q

what are the gendered peak offending ages?

A

female 15
male 18

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22
Q

what type of crimes are each sex more vulnerable to?

A

men - violence from stranger or acquaintance

women- violence from partner

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23
Q

what did Hanmer and Saunders find about women in leeds?

A

20% sexually assaulted and not reported

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24
Q

what did Stanko find about domestic violence?

A

over 24hrs, reported every second but very few led to arrest

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25
Q

what percent of crime by 10-17 yr olds?

A

23% 2009-10

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26
Q

what did Mcvie say about age and offending?

A

relationship between age and offending not clear cut, data grouped so not precise

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27
Q

what is more likely for older person assault victims?

A

injured and lose time off work, severe violence

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28
Q

what did CSEW find about victims under 16?

A

12% victims mostly violent crumes (56%)

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29
Q

what did the ministry of justice say about stop and search?

A

black 7x more in 2009-10
3.1% population but 14.2% stop and searches

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30
Q

what did Bowling and Phillips find about black offenders?

A

crown prosecution service more likely to drop cases as inadequate evidence

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31
Q

what did home office 2005 find about black deaths?

A

5x more likely murder but 1/3 gun murders both victims black

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32
Q

what is global organised crime?

A

crime that crosses borders of countries

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33
Q

what are examples of global organised crimes?

A

drug trafficking, human trafficking, credit card fraud and identity theft

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34
Q

what was the 2009 UN estimation of global organised crimes?

A

$870 billion business annually

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35
Q

what are problems with stopping global crime?

A
  • diversity of groups involved
  • difficulties involving international cooperation
  • ## lack of common definitions
36
Q

what did Castells say about global crime?

A

resemble business networks that use globalisation to link up with criminal groups from other countries

37
Q

what is robertsons theory of glocalisation?

A

intertwining of global and local eg. drug trade is global but way organised is based on local demographics

38
Q

what is green crime?

A

criminal activity which negatively impacts the environment

39
Q

what are examples of green crime?

A

dumping toxic waste
fly tipping
poaching endangered species

40
Q

what did Frank Aas say about green crime?

A

intersection of global and local as local environmental harm often product of chain of geographically dispersed activities

41
Q

what did Potter say about green crime?

A

food riots around world as agricultural production given over to producing bio fuels. crimes demonstrate how competition for natural resources led to public unrest

42
Q

what categories did Carrabine et al create about green crime?

A

primary and secondary

primary - direct harm to environment eg. air pollution
secondary - actions as response to primary eg. covering up or using crim organisations to dump toxic waste

43
Q

what is social solidarity?

A

A sense of cohesion felt in society, all the members feeling part of the whole

44
Q

what does durkheim say about crime and anomie?

A

A small amount of crime and deviant can prevent an anomie as long as it is punished

45
Q

what does Davis say about deviances a safety valve?

A

deviance can act as a safety valve, allowing an individual or group to let off, see to prevent worse deviance.

he studied prostitution that and argued that prostitution is far from being damaged into society, and provides a safe outlook for sexual tensions in a way that’s less weirdo threatening into the family

46
Q

evaluate Durkheim

A

he didn’t explain why individuals actually commit crime. If we all share a vow, you consensus why to some people break the law.

it didn’t consider the negative effects on deviance and individual, such as the victims of crime

47
Q

what was Mertons strain theory?

A

crime and deviance occurs when the goals of society emphasise more than the acceptable means

when this happens, anomie occurs

48
Q

what were the four modes of adoption? (merton)

A

conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism and rebellion

These were the five different responses to goals of success

49
Q

Discuss some of the subcultural theories in explaining crime

A

Cloward and Ohlin - deviance is a reaction to problems in achieve in the values of mainstream culture. in unstable areas youth turned to violence and conflicts of cultures to defend territory.

Miller - focal concerns, diff values of ex boys

50
Q

what does cultural criminologist Lyng say about edge work?

A

Individuals explore edges that exist along cultural brown boundaries and test the boundaries which can lead to intense emotions such as fear it’s seen as an escape from the constraints of modern society

51
Q

what did cultural criminologist young say about bulimic society?

A

We live in a society where citizens are encouraged to worship success, money, wealth and status, but our systemically excluded from its realisation

52
Q

what did interactionist Becker say?

A

The effects of the labelling process can be significant. self-fulfilling prophecy. deviant career becomes deviant identity

53
Q

what did plumber find about labelling?

A

homosexual career, labelled gay becomes master status

54
Q

what did Marxist Althusser say control is maintained by?

A

Repressive state apparatus and ideological state apparatus.

RSA - formal control
ISA - informal control

55
Q

what does marxist Box argue?

A

avoidable killings, eg health and safety failures in workplace

56
Q

what did neomarxist Chambliss find?

A

saints and roughnecks study, saints involved in deviant behaviour but not arrested, used their good reputation in school to get out of trouble. roughnecks perceived as criminals

57
Q

what was neo marxist Hall et als findings about crime?

A

moral panic of mugging in 1979s, not actually a crime. associated with black males. used as scapegoat for social problems at the time and distraction from economic worries

58
Q

what do right wing focus on?

A

individual achievement and opportunity

59
Q

what does left-wing focus on?

A

Issues of power and inequality in society

60
Q

what does right wing Hirschi focus on?

A

why people do not commit crime? individuals with strong family and friendship networks with responsibilities and strong sense of morality will be unlikely to commit crime

61
Q

what does right wing Murray focus on?

A

The underclass
girls without fathers may be emotionally damaged and search for a father substitute, often getting pregnant at an early age boys without fathers tend to poor impulse control and be sexual predators

62
Q

what does right realist wilson say?

A

challenges mainstream criminology, especially marxist criminology for being based on ideology rather than facts, for example, with its overemphasis and white colour crime

long-term trends in crime can be accounted for by three factors
- young males aggressive
- changes in benefits
- social and cultural changes

63
Q

what did right realists wilson and kelling argue?

A

low level disorder like staying in doors increase crime as no one to challenge. lead to urban decay

64
Q

what did wilson and herrnstein argue?

A

biological element to criminal behaviour

65
Q

what was matthew and youngs left realist idea?

A

square of crime, crime arises at an intersection, cjs, public, victim and criminal offender

66
Q

how did left realists Lea and Young explain crime?

A

three concept, relative deprivation marginalisation and subcultures

67
Q

what do different sociologists say about white collar crime?

A

Box - crime focused on wc like theft seen as in shops not overcharging

Tombs - deaths at work, 1316 fatal injuries 1994-5, unlawful deaths in workplace outweighs homocides

Goldstraw white - do not see themselves as criminals

68
Q

what are the two types of wcc?

A

occupational (employees in jobs) and corporate (businesses to increase profit)

69
Q

what did Pollack argue about gender?

A

idea males commit more crime is a myth, hormones and menstrual vice make women more biologically deviant. fake orgasms and hide menstrual cycles

70
Q

what is the chivalry thesis?

A

idea male dominated cjs more lenient with women

71
Q

what statistic of gender did Speed and Burrows find?

A

shoplifting 2004-5, male offenders 2x more likely custodial sentence

72
Q

what did Heidenson argue about chivalry?

A

only for those who conform to female stereotypes but those who don’t treated more severely

73
Q

what did Chesney-lind find about female deviance?

A

sexualised, more girls sent to training schools and charged with immorality for sexual behaviour.

74
Q

what did Anderson find about racism in the criminal justice system?

A

policing in Philadelphia yesterday which argued that police tended to assume white people people are middle-class and trustworthy, whereas black people lower class and criminal (colour coding)

75
Q

what did Hall find about ethnicity?

A

scarman report and mcpherson report.
Scarman report was the official response to racial violence and riots in some British cities. officially recognised that social and economic disadvantage is faced by ethnic minority groups could create a disposition towards violent protest.

mcpherson report concluded the official enquiry into the murder of Stephen Lawrence

76
Q

what behaviours did Smith and Gray say police showed?

A

Normalised, racist attitudes and explicit language

77
Q

What did holdaway find about racism?

A

racialisation of policing, prioritise right when it’s not relevant and ignore race when it is

78
Q

how much more likely were black men likely to be in prison, according to hood?

A

5%

79
Q

What did Waddington say about racism?

A

Higher levels of stop and search isn’t due to racism, but instead of availability of certain ethnic backgrounds in public places

80
Q

What did bowling Parmar and Phillips say about Asians and crimes?

A

perceptions of Asians, particularly Muslims have changed, previously muslims were seen as law abiding with a strong sense of community and now seen to be commonly involved deviant activity

81
Q

what are left-wing policies on crime prevention?

A

Reducing income qualities, raising the living standards and reducing unemployment for prevention

82
Q

what are the two ways, left-wing, believe punishment of crime?

A

rehabilitation - reintegrative shaming, restorative justice, where the victim explains the impact on themselves of the crime

83
Q

What do left-wing policies believe about controlling crime?

A

military policing create a vicious cycle leading to less cooperation with the police in turn, leading to more military style tactics. we must use minimal policing by using trust and cooperation.

84
Q

What do right when policies say about preventing crime?

A

Target hardening, which refers to the increasing of security surrounding the targets of crime. This can be achieved through installing alarms and better locks and encouraging safe for practices.

85
Q

What did Painter and Farrington find in the Stoke on Trent?

A

Crime decreased by 43% in the area where streetlighting was included improved

86
Q

what do right wing believe about controlling crime?

A

police should focus more on preventing crime and catching criminals and that greater focus on targeting would be offenders and potential crime hotspots

Sociology paper 3 (2 decks)

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