Crime Flashcards
UNDERLYING CAUSES
Structure:
* “underlying causes OF something” (not FOR)
* Often used with: stem from, can be traced to, relate to
Common patterns:
* identify/examine the underlying causes
* address/tackle the underlying causes
* investigate the underlying causes
“To address the underlying causes of climate change…”
recidivism
Syn: repeat offending, reoffending, going back to crime
First mention: “Recidivism (repeat offending) is a major concern…”
Follow-up: “These reoffending rates suggest…”
Variation: “The pattern of returning to criminal behavior…”
REHABILITATIVE MEASURES
Formal variations:
* rehabilitation programs
* reformative approaches
* recovery interventions
* corrective measures
Common patterns:
* implement rehabilitative measures
* effective rehabilitative measures
* comprehensive rehabilitative measures
* support through rehabilitative measures
“The government should prioritize rehabilitative over punitive measures for minor crimes.”
Rehabilitative measures, such as vocational training and counseling, often prove more effective than punishment alone
COMMUNITY SERVICE
Common Patterns:
* perform/do community service
* mandatory community service
* hours of community service
* assign/require community service
Formal variations:
* public service activities
* community-based work
* volunteer programs
Community service often proves more effective than fines for minor offenses
PUNITIVE
With Adjectives:
* highly punitive
* overly punitive
* purely punitive
* less/more punitive
* strictly punitive
With Nouns:
* punitive measures
* punitive policies
* punitive system
* punitive response
* punitive culture
Highly punitive systems often lead to increased recidivism rates
Shifting away from **punitive approaches, **modern justice systems increasingly embrace rehabilitation
DETERRENT
Common Patterns:
* act as/serve as a deterrent
* effective deterrent
* powerful/strong deterrent
* major deterrent
Formal variations:
* deterrence measures
* preventive mechanisms
* dissuasive factors
* preventative measures
High taxes on cigarettes create a significant deterrent to smoking.
Heavy fines serve as an effective deterrent to drunk driving
VOCATIONAL TRAINING
Common Patterns:
* provide vocational training
* undergo vocational training
* access to vocational training
* vocational training programs
* vocational training centers
Formal variations:
* occupational training
* skills-based education
* job-oriented programs
* technical training
* professional development programs
Vocational training has proven highly effective in reducing recidivism rates among former offenders. These occupational programs give inmates practical skills for life after release, while such job-oriented courses boost their employment prospects significantly. Technical training in areas like construction and automotive repair provides concrete career paths, and these skills-based initiatives help break the cycle of reoffending. Evidence shows that professional development programs in prisons can transform lives by creating genuine employment opportunities.
Highlight
Common Patterns:
* highlights the importance of
* highlights the need for
* highlights the fact that
* highlights how/why/what
Formal variations:
* emphasize
* underscore
* demonstrate
* indicate
* illustrate
“Recent studies highlight the growing problem of urban poverty. This research emphasizes the connection between education and income levels, while such findings underscore the importance of accessible training programs. The data illustrates clear patterns of inequality, and these statistics demonstrate the urgent need for intervention. Analysis of these trends indicates that immediate action is necessary, showing how poverty affects multiple generations.”
What city is a prime example of successful community policing?
Community Policing Initiatives
In cities like Boston and Rotterdam, community policing programs have successfully reduced crime by building trust between law enforcement and residents. Officers engage directly with neighborhoods, attend local events, and work collaboratively to identify and address potential crime risks.
What specific environmental modification can improve public safety?
Urban Design and Environmental Modifications
The “Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design” (CPTED) approach has been successfully implemented in cities worldwide. For example, improved street lighting in São Paulo, Brazil, and strategic urban planning in Melbourne, Australia, have demonstrably reduced nighttime crime rates by increasing visibility and creating more secure public spaces.
How do smart city technologies help law enforcement anticipate criminal activities?
Technology-Driven Prevention
Smart city technologies like predictive policing algorithms in Los Angeles and advanced surveillance systems in Singapore have helped law enforcement anticipate and prevent potential criminal activities by analyzing historical crime data and identifying high-risk areas.
How do youth intervention programs aim to prevent crime?
Youth Intervention Programs
Successful models like Chicago’s Becoming a Man (BAM) program have dramatically reduced youth violence by providing counseling, mentorship, and skill-building workshops that help at-risk adolescents develop conflict resolution and emotional regulation skills.
How do economic and social support systems prevent crime?
Economic and Social Support
Countries like Norway emphasize rehabilitation and social reintegration in their criminal justice system, focusing on education, job training, and mental health support to reduce recidivism rates and address root causes of criminal behavior.
Anticipate
Definition: expect or predict something, often with preparation or excitement.
Synonyms:
Expect (neutral prediction)
Foresee (long-term vision)
Prepare for (proactive readiness)
Predict (confident or analytical expectation)
Anticipate + Noun:
Anticipate challenges/problems
Anticipate changes/developments
Anticipate + Action:
Anticipate making changes
Anticipate facing difficulties
Ex:
* The government should anticipate challenges in housing as the population grows.
* The film’s release was highly anticipated by fans worldwide.
