Crim Vic Test 1

Question 1

Deterrence

Answer 1

Concept aimed at exact injustice and dissuading defender from harming again. Deterrents assumes that witnesses to the punishment will also be discouraged from ever committing the harm.

Question 2

Gemeinshaft

Answer 2

The state of the social existence and small, tightly knit communities where traditional family and kinship values predominate.

Question 3

Gesselschaft

Answer 3

More rational and less personable form of relationship based on interdependence between the parts of society

Question 4

Lex talonis

Answer 4

Legal retaliation, more popularly known by the old testament phrase “an eye for an eye”.

Question 5

Mala en se

Answer 5

Offenses that are in and of themselves wrong or said to go against nature.

Question 6

Mala prohibitia

Answer 6

Acts that are against the laws

Question 7

Retribution

Answer 7

The process by which a person either the victim or victims risk representative, exacts punishment in retaliation for harm that has been done to a victim

Question 8

Bias

Answer 8

Error that is either known or unknown and created by flaws in study design, such as in the development of the measurement instruments, sample selection, study implementation, or study questions

Question 9

Event outcomes

Answer 9

Doesn’t know primary or secondary victims but was affected by the event. i.e. 9/11

Question 10

Obtrusive Methods

Answer 10

Research methods where the researcher or observer has direct contact with the participant

Question 11

Primary Victims

Answer 11

Individuals or institutional entities directly affected by harm.

Question 12

Secondary victims

Answer 12

Individuals or institutional entities indirectly affected by harm done to primary victim but who are in close social proximity to the primary victim.

Question 13

Tertiary Victims

Answer 13

Individuals or institutional entities that have no relationship with the primary victim but who suffer as a result of knowing about the victimization experience

Question 14

Unobtrusive methods:

Answer 14

Research methods whereby the researcher, or observer, has in direct contact with the participant through surveys, attitude questionnaires, and so on.

Question 15

Aftermath of crime

Answer 15

The third and final stage in the criminal event perspective. This particular stage spends considerably longer period of time and looks at the offenders, victims, and publics reaction to the criminal transaction.

Question 16

Celerity of punishment

Answer 16

The speed the punishment is administered should be in close proximity to when the crime was committed otherwise deterrence will weaken.

Question 17

Criminal event perspective

Answer 17

The idea that criminal activity has three phases: criminal precursors, criminal transaction, and the aftermath of crime.

Question 18

Criminal pre-cursors

Answer 18

The first stage in the criminal event perspective. This stage includes the experiences, demographics, etc. that occur before the crime and influence it’s transaction and aftermath.

Question 19

Criminal transaction

Answer 19

The second stage in the criminal event perspective. In this stage, the offender engages in a criminal event, which usually lasts only a few minutes

Question 20

Critical perspectives

Answer 20

A set of theories that seeks to explain the biases occurring in social systems. When applied to fix them all a G, these theories investigate the role of power in its various forms and its influence on crime patterns, differential experiences of crime and victimization, as well as the social responses to victimization and victimological thinking.

Question 21

Deterrence theory

Answer 21

The theory that criminal acts are prevented by appropriate transaction. According to this theory, there are two forms of the Deterrence (specific and general) and three components of punishment (celerity, certain key, and severity).

Question 22

Deviance

Answer 22

The study of any action, group, and or members of that group that are considered to be outside a prescribed set of cultural norms.

Question 23

Feminist perspectives

Answer 23

A gendered set of theories used to explain women’s experiences. When applied to for tomorrow if he, these theories attempt to reveal the gender and patterns of crime and victimize Asian, as well as the lack of explanations of these experiences in traditional male dominated criminological thinking

Question 24

General deterrence

Answer 24

A form of deterrence in which the public is indirectly deterred from criminal activity as a result of seeing sanction against an offender.

Question 25

Labeling theory

Answer 25

Credited to Edwin Lemert, social reaction theory that examines how the deviant identity is formed out of the reaction of others to the actor.

Question 26

Lifestyles theory

Answer 26

A rational choice theory claiming that certain behavioral patterns create an opportunistic structure for criminals.

Question 27

Marticide

Answer 27

A type of homicide in which a person kills his or her spouse.

Question 28

Primary deviance

Answer 28

Coined by Lemart, the initial participation in a deviant act. In fact Molly G, primary deviance occurs jury of victimizing event.

Question 29

Rational choice perspective

Answer 29

Widely associated with Derek Cornish and Ronald Clark, a rational choice theory seeks to explain the victimizers motivation and decision making process. This perspective claims that victimizing behavior is the process of successful rationalization based on the offender weighing the pros and cons of committing crime.

Question 30

Rational choice theories

Answer 30

A set of theories including lifestyles, routine activities, returns, rational choice perspective, and situated transaction, in which the offender is assumed to be irrational and active person who makes choices based on the persons or absence of potential gain and the cost of committing the crime.

Question 31

Routine activities theory

Answer 31

A rational choice theory that possets that three elements must be present in order for a criminal event to occur: motivated offender, suitable target, and a lack of capable guardianship. If one or more of these elements are missing, a crime will not occur.

Question 32

Secondary deviance

Answer 32

Coined by Lemmert, describes an individual’s acceptance of the label of deviance or otherness and his or her subsequent engagement in the social world as a deviant. In victimology, secondary deviance occurs when an individual accepts the label of victim

Question 33

Severity of punishment

Answer 33

And deterrence theory, one of three components of effective punishment. And this part, the offender and the public should perceive that the punishment is neither too lenient nor too harsh, in order to maximize the benefit of deterring criminal activity

Question 34

Situated transaction theory

Answer 34

Developed by David Luckenbill to explain homicide, a theory that seeks to locate crime in time and place. In this theory the offender and victim often go through six stages of engagement before the criminal activity is completed

Question 35

Social Darwinism

Answer 35

Developed by Herbert Spencer, the idea that social dynamics are governed by evolutionary principles. This theory is also encapsulated by the phrase “survival of the fittest”.

Question 36

Social interactionist theory

Answer 36

Developed by sociologists Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead, The idea that people base their individual identities on how others perceive them.

Question 37

Social reaction theories

Answer 37

Initially developed to explain deviance, a set of periods that examined the various reactions to a person being identified as belonging to a particular group. In the victimology, the concept is used to examine how a person comes to accept or reject being labeled as a victim.

Question 38

Specific deterrence

Answer 38

A form of deterrence in which the offender is directly deterred from criminal activity as a result of experiencing sanction for an offence

Question 39

Stigma

Answer 39

From the Greek, meaning a physical Mark or spot on the body that can lead to disgrace, embarrassment, and or reproach. In sociology, the term refers to any correct your stick that causes these effects.

Question 40

Symbolic interactionism

Answer 40

A theory asserting that human interaction is based solely on the interpretation of symbols, such as language and behavior, communicated between individuals.

Question 41

Target hardening

Answer 41

The process by which a potential victim is educated, or hardened, about the way fenders operate and is encouraged to take protective measures against victimization.

Question 42

Uxoricide

Answer 42

A type of homicide in which a Man kills his wife

Question 43

First-degree murder

Answer 43

A type of homicide where the victim has been killed deliberately, killed while being the victim of another serious crime, or killed as the result of carrying out duties associated with the protection of the state, such as those performed by a police officer, judge, prison warden, or corrections officer.

Question 44

Hate crime

Answer 44

A crime where a particular person or group is targeted for victimization because of minority status, such as racial or ethnic identity and or sexual orientation

Question 45

Homicide

Answer 45

Literally, “the killing of a man”, refers to the killing of a person by another

Question 46

Homicide victim

Answer 46

According to the Canadian criminal code, a person whose death is caused by another person, either directly or indirectly, by any means

Question 47

Infanticide

Answer 47

Literally, the killing of infants are very small children. In legal terms, infanticide is a form of manslaughter in which a new born is killed, either deliberately or through an act of omission, by his or her biological mother. It is assumed that the mother suffers from mental defect caused by childbirth.

Question 48

Manslaughter

Answer 48

A type of homicide where the offender is found to have killed the victim in the heat of passion or when the victim is found to have provoked the offender before he or she was killed.

Question 49

Mass murder

Answer 49

The act of killing many people in a single murderous event with very little time between murders

Question 50

Murder

Answer 50

Culpable homicide in which the victims death is deliberately caused or was the result of reckless or negligent behavior

Question 51

Second degree murder

Answer 51

Any type of murder not classified as 1st degree murder.

Question 52

Serial murder

Answer 52

The act of killing people individually and sequentially, with long “cooling off” periods between homicide events

Question 53

Spree murder

Answer 53

The act of killing one of more individuals in multiple locations, over relatively short periods of time. Spree killers share characteristics of mass murderers in that multiple people may be targeted in one location but there is a short cooling off period while the killer moves to another location with another set of targets.