CRIM Midterm Review 1 Flashcards
According to Edwin Sutherland, what is his definition of Criminology?
Criminology is the study of the making of laws, the breaking of laws, and of society’s reaction to the breaking of laws
What are the 3 areas of focus for Criminology according to Sutherland?
the process of making laws, of breaking laws and of reacting towards the breaking of laws”
According to Garland, what are the two initial streams of work that criminology is the product of?
The governmental project and Lombrosian project
What is “the Governmental project”
empirical studies of the administration of justice; the working of prisons, police and the measurement of crime
What is the Lombrosian project?
studies which sought to examine the characteristics of criminals and ‘non-criminals’ with a view to being able to distinguish the groups, thereby developing an understanding of the causes of crime
Lacey suggest that criminology concerns itself with?
social and individual antecedents of crime and with the nature of crime as a social phenomenon
Lacey suggest that criminal justice deals with?
speficically instituitional aspects of the social construction of crime. (Such as, policing, prosecution, punishment
What is the legal definiton of crime, according to Tappan (1947)
Crime is an Intentional act in violation of the criminal law
What are the three great tributaries that make up the subject of crime?
The study of crime, the study of whose who commit crime, the study of the criminal justice and penal systems
According to Sutherland, what is the objective of Criminology
development of a body of general and verified principles and of other types of knowledge regarding the process of law, crime, and treatment or prevention
What is critical criminology?
Critique associated with criminology
What are the 4 major lines of criticism in critical criminology
- Crime has no ontological reality: the belief that crime has no reality beyond the application of the term to particular acts.
- Criminology perpetuates the myth of crime
- Crime consists of many petty events
- Crime excludes many serious harms
What is white- collar crime?
is a nonviolent crime often characterized by deceit or concealment to obtain or avoid losing money or property, or to gain a personal or business advantage
Harm based definition
Enables criminologist to better captured harms that are not dealt with. Very well via, the criminal law, such as many forms of corporate and white collar crime.
How does the labeling perspective view crime
The labelling perspective views crime as relative to time, place and audience.
What is the essential characteristic of Crime?
behaviour which is probhibted by the state as an injury to the state and against white the state may react, as a last resort, by punishment
Crime as a social construct means
illustrates that the use of power by the state of groups of people to define people in particulars
Social constructionism
the idea that crime like other social phenomena is the outcome or product of interaction and negotiation between people living in complex social groups
Criminislisation refers to?
the process of labelling acts and people as criminal
Crime as a social construct views morality as what?
as notions of right and wrong as socially constructed and subject to crime.
What are the 3 sources of crime Data?
Official Statistics, victimization surveys and self-reporting surveys
What are the limitations of Official Statistics?
- Only captured a fraction of the so called “dark figure of crime” crime that remains unreported, unrecorded and largely unknown
- Are generally offense- rather than offender or victim- focused
- Only cover a limited range of crimes
- Not all LEAs participate; it voluntary
- Variation between police departments in recording and enforcement practices (ex. Seriousness rule. They may focus at certain times at the expense of others- impaired driving)
- Police apartments manipulating and falsifying data
What must happen for a crime to be counted as an official statistic?
1) A criminal event occurs
2) Decision to call the police
3)Police decides to respond
4) Even if police decided to respond, they decided to report
What is the definition of the crime funnel?
a model indicating that the actual total quantity of crime is much higher than the decreasing proportion that is detached , reported, prosecuted and punished