CRIM 3M Flashcards
This theory views child development as a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment, from immediate settings of family and school to broad cultural values, laws, and customs.
Human ecology theory
A process that involves creating an association between a naturally existing stimulus and a previously neutral one.
Classical conditioning
Suggests that children move through four different stages of learning. His theory focuses not only on understanding how children acquire knowledge, but also on understanding the nature of intelligence.
Cognitive development theory
At this stage, children tend to be egocentric and struggle to see things from the perspective of others.
Preoperational stage
This theory suggests the process by which people develop the distinction between right and wrong and engage in reasoning between the two.
Moral development theory
It focuses on using either reinforcement or punishment to increase or decrease a behavior. Through this process, an association is formed between the behavior and the consequences of that behavior.
Operant Conditioning
A syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental process underlying mental functioning.
Mental disorder
he process of associating the self closely with other individuals and their characteristics or views.
Identification
Characterized by below-average intelligence or mental ability and a lack of skills necessary for day-to-day living.
Mental disability
The drive of life, love, creativity, and sexuality, self-satisfaction, and species preservation.
Erros
Refers to the characteristics of an individual, describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking, and feeling.
Traits
It refers to a trait that is being anxious, excitable, and easily disturbed.
Emotionally unstable
There are five basic dimensions of personality, they are extraversion (also often spelled extroversion), agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism. Big five theory is also known as ___
Five factor theory
This theory posits that our childhood experiences and unconscious desires influence behavior. So our personalities have memories, beliefs, urges, drives, and instincts that we are not always aware of and that make up this unconscious.
Psychoanalytic theory
This theory believes that personality developed through a series of childhood stages in which the pleasure-seeking energies of the id become focused on certain erogenous areas.
Psychosexual theory
According to Erik Erikson, this is a time of intensive analysis and exploration of different ways of looking at oneself.
Identity crisis
This theory is focused on how social interaction and relationships played a role in the development and growth of human beings. It argues that social interaction precedes development; consciousness and cognition are the end product of socialization and social behavior.
Social development theory
At this stage child begin to understand the concept of conservation; thinking becomes more logical and organized, but still very concrete.
Concrete operational stage
It refers to any event that strengthens a certain behavior and it can be positive or negative in nature.
Reinforcement
His theory of learning says that a person is first exposed to a stimulus, which elicits a response, and the response is then reinforced (stimulus, response, reinforcement). This, ultimately, is what conditions our behaviors.
Burrhus Frederic Skinner
It is defined as anything that can be directly observed, measured, and repeated. It is the response of the organism or system to various stimuli or inputs whether internal or external, conscious or unconscious, overt or covert, and voluntary or involuntary.
Behavior
The range of actions and mannerisms exhibited by humans in conjunction with their environment responding to various stimuli or inputs.
Human behavior
A term used to describe the natural processes of biological change. It refers to the biological changes that are observed as people grow from babies to adults.
Growth
The progression of the human body towards adulthood. A transition into an adult-like state regarding some sort of skill or behavior.
Maturation
It encompasses both biological and behavioral changes that occur in an individual. Modification of the child’s behavior’s in response to their experiences.
Development
It contains our most primitive drives or urges, and is present from birth. It directs impulses for hunger, thirst, and sex. Freud believed that the id operates on what he called the “pleasure principle,” in which the id seeks immediate gratification.
ID
As a child interacts with others, learning the social rules for right and wrong. It acts as our conscience; it is our moral compass that tells us how we should behave. It strives for perfection and judges our behavior, leading to feelings of pride or—when we fall short of the ideal—feelings of guilt.
Superego
The rational part of our personality. It’s what Freud considered to be the self, and it is the part of our personality that is seen by others. Its job is to balance the demands of the id and superego in the context of reality; thus, it operates on what Freud called the “reality principle.” It helps the id satisfy its desires in a realistic way.
Ego
Refers to that mental activity of which we are unaware and are unable to access. It contains thoughts, feelings, and memories of which a person is unaware and many of which have been repressed, or forcibly blocked from consciousness.
Unconscious
Characterized as an area of the body that is particularly sensitive to stimulation.
Erogenous zone
The infant’s primary source of interaction occurs through the mouth, so the rooting and sucking reflex is especially important.
Oral stage
Freud believed that the primary focus of the libido was on controlling bladder and bowel movements. The major conflict at this stage is toilet training—the child has to learn to control their bodily needs.
Anal stage
n this stage inappropriate parental responses can result in negative outcomes. If parents take an approach that is too lenient, Freud suggested that an ______could develop in which the individual has a messy, wasteful, or destructive personality.
Anal-expulsive personality
If parents are too strict or begin toilet training too early, Freud believed that an ______ develops in which the individual is stringent, orderly, rigid, and obsessive.
Anal-retentive personality.
Believed that boys begin to view their fathers as a rival for the mother’s affection. The ______ describes these feelings of wanting to possess the mother and the desire to replace the father.
Oedipus complex
During this stage, the superego continues to develop while the id’s energies are suppressed. Children develop social skills, values, and relationships with peers and adults outside of the family. This period is a time of exploration in which the sexual energy is repressed or dormant. This energy is still present, but it is sublimated into other areas such as intellectual pursuits and social interactions.
Electra complex
In this stage, the primary focus of the libido is on the person’s reproductive organ. At this age, children also begin to discover the differences between males and females.
Phallic stage
It is all about exploring problems related to mental health: how to understand them, how to classify them, and how to fix them.
Psychopathology
A mental illness that affects or is manifested in a person’s brain and can affect the way a person thinks, behaves, and interacts with people. A deviant, maladaptive or personally distressful over a long period of time.
Abnormal behavior
An obsessive drive that may or may not be acted on involving an object, concept, or person.
Fixation
