CRIM 3M

Question 1

This theory views child development as a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment, from immediate settings of family and school to broad cultural values, laws, and customs.

Answer 1

Human ecology theory

Question 2

A process that involves creating an association between a naturally existing stimulus and a previously neutral one.

Answer 2

Classical conditioning

Question 3

Suggests that children move through four different stages of learning. His theory focuses not only on understanding how children acquire knowledge, but also on understanding the nature of intelligence.

Answer 3

Cognitive development theory

Question 4

At this stage, children tend to be egocentric and struggle to see things from the perspective of others.

Answer 4

Preoperational stage

Question 5

This theory suggests the process by which people develop the distinction between right and wrong and engage in reasoning between the two.

Answer 5

Moral development theory

Question 6

It focuses on using either reinforcement or punishment to increase or decrease a behavior. Through this process, an association is formed between the behavior and the consequences of that behavior.

Answer 6

Operant Conditioning

Question 7

A syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental process underlying mental functioning.

Answer 7

Mental disorder

Question 8

he process of associating the self closely with other individuals and their characteristics or views.

Answer 8

Identification

Question 9

Characterized by below-average intelligence or mental ability and a lack of skills necessary for day-to-day living.

Answer 9

Mental disability

Question 10

The drive of life, love, creativity, and sexuality, self-satisfaction, and species preservation.

Answer 10

Erros

Question 11

Refers to the characteristics of an individual, describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking, and feeling.

Answer 11

Traits

Question 12

It refers to a trait that is being anxious, excitable, and easily disturbed.

Answer 12

Emotionally unstable

Question 13

There are five basic dimensions of personality, they are extraversion (also often spelled extroversion), agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism. Big five theory is also known as ___

Answer 13

Five factor theory

Question 14

This theory posits that our childhood experiences and unconscious desires influence behavior. So our personalities have memories, beliefs, urges, drives, and instincts that we are not always aware of and that make up this unconscious.

Answer 14

Psychoanalytic theory

Question 15

This theory believes that personality developed through a series of childhood stages in which the pleasure-seeking energies of the id become focused on certain erogenous areas.

Answer 15

Psychosexual theory

Question 16

According to Erik Erikson, this is a time of intensive analysis and exploration of different ways of looking at oneself.

Answer 16

Identity crisis

Question 17

This theory is focused on how social interaction and relationships played a role in the development and growth of human beings. It argues that social interaction precedes development; consciousness and cognition are the end product of socialization and social behavior.

Answer 17

Social development theory

Question 18

At this stage child begin to understand the concept of conservation; thinking becomes more logical and organized, but still very concrete.

Answer 18

Concrete operational stage

Question 19

It refers to any event that strengthens a certain behavior and it can be positive or negative in nature.

Answer 19

Reinforcement

Question 20

His theory of learning says that a person is first exposed to a stimulus, which elicits a response, and the response is then reinforced (stimulus, response, reinforcement). This, ultimately, is what conditions our behaviors.

Answer 20

Burrhus Frederic Skinner

Question 21

It is defined as anything that can be directly observed, measured, and repeated. It is the response of the organism or system to various stimuli or inputs whether internal or external, conscious or unconscious, overt or covert, and voluntary or involuntary.

Answer 21

Behavior

Question 22

The range of actions and mannerisms exhibited by humans in conjunction with their environment responding to various stimuli or inputs.

Answer 22

Human behavior

Question 23

A term used to describe the natural processes of biological change. It refers to the biological changes that are observed as people grow from babies to adults.

Answer 23

Growth

Question 24

The progression of the human body towards adulthood. A transition into an adult-like state regarding some sort of skill or behavior.

Answer 24

Maturation

Question 25

It encompasses both biological and behavioral changes that occur in an individual. Modification of the child’s behavior’s in response to their experiences.

Answer 25

Development

Question 26

It contains our most primitive drives or urges, and is present from birth. It directs impulses for hunger, thirst, and sex. Freud believed that the id operates on what he called the “pleasure principle,” in which the id seeks immediate gratification.

Answer 26

ID

Question 27

As a child interacts with others, learning the social rules for right and wrong. It acts as our conscience; it is our moral compass that tells us how we should behave. It strives for perfection and judges our behavior, leading to feelings of pride or—when we fall short of the ideal—feelings of guilt.

Answer 27

Superego

Question 28

The rational part of our personality. It’s what Freud considered to be the self, and it is the part of our personality that is seen by others. Its job is to balance the demands of the id and superego in the context of reality; thus, it operates on what Freud called the “reality principle.” It helps the id satisfy its desires in a realistic way.

Answer 28

Ego

Question 29

Refers to that mental activity of which we are unaware and are unable to access. It contains thoughts, feelings, and memories of which a person is unaware and many of which have been repressed, or forcibly blocked from consciousness.

Answer 29

Unconscious

Question 30

Characterized as an area of the body that is particularly sensitive to stimulation.

Answer 30

Erogenous zone

Question 31

The infant's primary source of interaction occurs through the mouth, so the rooting and sucking reflex is especially important.

Answer 31

Oral stage

Question 32

Freud believed that the primary focus of the libido was on controlling bladder and bowel movements. The major conflict at this stage is toilet training—the child has to learn to control their bodily needs.

Answer 32

Anal stage

Question 33

n this stage inappropriate parental responses can result in negative outcomes. If parents take an approach that is too lenient, Freud suggested that an ______could develop in which the individual has a messy, wasteful, or destructive personality.

Answer 33

Anal-expulsive personality

Question 34

If parents are too strict or begin toilet training too early, Freud believed that an ______ develops in which the individual is stringent, orderly, rigid, and obsessive.

Answer 34

Anal-retentive personality.

Question 35

Believed that boys begin to view their fathers as a rival for the mother’s affection. The ______ describes these feelings of wanting to possess the mother and the desire to replace the father.

Answer 35

Oedipus complex

Question 36

During this stage, the superego continues to develop while the id's energies are suppressed. Children develop social skills, values, and relationships with peers and adults outside of the family. This period is a time of exploration in which the sexual energy is repressed or dormant. This energy is still present, but it is sublimated into other areas such as intellectual pursuits and social interactions.

Answer 36

Electra complex

Question 37

In this stage, the primary focus of the libido is on the person’s reproductive organ. At this age, children also begin to discover the differences between males and females.

Answer 37

Phallic stage

Question 38

It is all about exploring problems related to mental health: how to understand them, how to classify them, and how to fix them.

Answer 38

Psychopathology

Question 39

A mental illness that affects or is manifested in a person’s brain and can affect the way a person thinks, behaves, and interacts with people. A deviant, maladaptive or personally distressful over a long period of time.

Answer 39

Abnormal behavior

Question 40

An obsessive drive that may or may not be acted on involving an object, concept, or person.

Answer 40

Fixation