Crim

Question 1

Imprisonment in the 1700s

Answer 1

temporary holding sells, crowed, unruly, unhygienic, were not the punishment more like holding cells before the punishment, Becceria wanted the punishment to be public

Question 2

Transportation

Answer 2

banished to the colonies for breaking the social contract, if you don’t listen to the rules they don’t apply to you

Question 3

Work houses and hard labour

Answer 3

to reform criminals, and the ‘idle poor’, broken the contract = hard labour, punishment have economic value (treadmill) in the enlightment period, horse of correction (people who can’t support themselves), emergence of mod prison

Question 4

Emergence of modern prisons

Answer 4

Eastern state pantry, (silence and isolation)

Question 5

‘Penitentiary’ as place for penitence and reform

Answer 5

John howard (to change the dark depressing nature of old prisons, prisons should be places of reform) and elizabeth fry (canadian non profit society to protect women, ie the need to separate women from men, female guards, prisons as places of reform)
Prison reformers argued that prisons should be based on:
Strict order and conformity
Rigid timetables
Silence and solitude to facilitate penitence and remorse

Question 6

Penitentiary and “democracy”

Answer 6

• teaching people to listen to the social contract
  -Prison reform combined enlightenment ideas about civilizing people and religious ideas about transforming the sinner
• Reform the people who broke the social contract, benjamin rush said that prisons were a place to fix people to be able to conform to society and be civilized to be able to be good actor to society
  Felony disenfranchisement (you lose the right to vote, when they are convicted of committing a serious crime)

Question 7

residential schools

Answer 7

• late 18th century to late 19th century
• 1831 first res school opened
• 1835 Kingston pen was opened
• These two things are greatly related (stripping people of non desirable traits, and conforming people to social norms)

Question 8

Prisons and deterrence

Answer 8

-Prisons designed to be imposing reminders to the rest of society of the punishment for crime

Question 9

Prison architecture

Answer 9

• The ‘silent’ system (or the ‘Auburn’ system)= hard labor to reform people
• The ‘separate’ system (or the ‘Pennsylvania’ system)= isolation of the prisoners, to reflect on their acts, extreme isolation from all other prisoners
• A lot of symmetry to promote the development of reasons

Question 10

Panopticon and Deterrence

Answer 10

• Jeremy Bentham
  -Constant, anonymous surveillance from the central watchtower
• Prisoners “seen without seeing”
• Feelings of being watched was supposed to promote self-regulation
  -A tower in the middle with blinds so the guards would be able to see all the prisoners but the prisoners wouldn’t know if they were being watch
  -The way jeremy bentham want the prison to be was never built however his ideas were used in many prisons, today

Question 11

Panopticon

Answer 11

-Michel Foucault
- Discipline and Punish (1975)
- Panopticon “reverses the idea of the dungeon”
- Switch from “the many watching the few” (e.g. public executions) to “the few watching the many” (e.g. surveillance)

Question 12

Prison as Imagined VS. Prisons in Practice

Answer 12

-Continued use of physical forms of punishment in prisons
-Solitary confinement critiqued as a form of torture
-Maintaining an orderly and silent system difficult/expensive
-Critiques that prisons ‘too easy’
-Prisons labor tied to economic motivations
-Expand prison practices

Question 13

Over-representation in prisons

Answer 13

• Black men to white men in prisons
  -Indigenous people represent 5% of the overall Canadian population but 32% of the imprisoned population
  -Racial profiling and biases in the criminal justice process
• Intergenerational legacies of policies that discriminate against people of color and indigenous peoples
• E.g. GI Bill and Residential schools
• Over policing of certain areas, racial profiling of pulling someone over, over charging people of color
• 1944 the GI bill to give a leg up to those returning from war, such as going to school, buying homes, getting a good job
• Almost all the black soldiers were left out of these benefits

Question 14

eastern state pen

Answer 14

• opened 1829
• closed 1970

Question 15

Positivist approach to crime and the classical School

Answer 15

-Humans as rational actors with free will
- Emphasis in the criminal act, regardless of the specifics of the individual
- Deductive reasoning (general theory then apply to certain circumstances - top down)

Question 16

Positivist school

Answer 16

-Human behavior is determined by social, Psychological or biological factors
- Emphasis on the criminal and his/her individual particularities
- Inductive reasoning (scientific method, bottom up)
-Looking at the individual focused more on the criminal not so much as the crime itself like classical crime

Question 17

Positivism and the scientific method

Answer 17

• Uses empirical observation and experimentation to find patterns that tell us something about the world
• Positivist criminologists wanted to use the scientific method to identify factors that determine human behavior

Question 18

Crime statistics

Answer 18

-Emerged in early 1800s
- Andre-michel guerry & adolphe quetelet
- Focused on external, social factors that lead to crime
- Maps of france (ie like crime statistics)
- Correlation doesn’t equal causation

Question 19

Charles Darwin

Answer 19

The origin of species (1859)
Natural selection and the survival of the fittest

Question 20

Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909)

Answer 20

-The “italian school” of criminology
-Biological determinism
-The criminal man (1876)
-Tries to prove the idea of a born criminal
-Identifies physical and biological features that mark someone as criminal
-Criminals as “atavistic” - regressions in evolution
- Phrenology (the measuring of the skull)

Question 21

Racism and sexism in the work of Lombroso and the Italian school

Answer 21

• Deeply flawed “scientific” methods were used to legitimize racist beliefs about “inferior” groups of people
• Lomroso argued that women were “biologically inferior” physically, intellectually, and morally
• Women who committed crime seen as doubly offensive and doubly “monstrous” than men who committed crime
• Those who were born with weird traits to prostitution
• Women who commit lack maternal instincts

Question 22

Positivist approaches

Answer 22

-The circumstances that led to the crime
- Italian school people are born criminal

Question 23

Contemporary responses to Lombroso’s work

Answer 23

• Resonated with racist beliefs and growing “us versus them” thinking of the mid-1800s
  -Some academics at the time appreciated his ‘scientific’ approach
  -But Lombroso’s work was critiqued and even rejected by many of his contemporaries
  -This image that criminals were different than normal society
  -French environmentalists were the ones who focused on the social aspect of crime
  -Italian school was more internal aspect of crime
  He would support incapaction

Question 24

Incapacitating the “born criminal”

Answer 24

-Biological positivists believed that some people were born criminals and should be confined or even executed to protect the rest of society
- Indeterminate sentences
- Death penalty = eliminate someone who is inferior to society
- Believed that the process of natural selection could be ‘helped’
- Prison sentence was over when doctors said

Question 25

Biological Positivism and Eugenics

Answer 25

• Based on ‘improving’ the human race by controlling reproduction and eliminating people with traits deemed ‘inferior’
  -Late 1800s Canada and US eugenics policies = forced sterilization and how could reproduce or not
• IQ tests those with low IQ could not reproduce / the flynn effect

Question 26

Later Research within Biologicalocal positivism

Answer 26

-William Shedlon (late 1940’s) - body type research
-Endomorphs (heavy) - occasionally delinquency
-Ectomorphs (thin) - tense and less prone to criminality
-Mesomorphs (muscle) - aggressive and the most prone to criminality
-Positivist research on the genetic determinants of crime e.g research in the 1960’s on men with an extra “y” chromosome

Question 27

Biological Determinism today

Answer 27

• Example: Racial profiling
• Based on the idea that external features can be used to determine if someone is suspicious or a threat
• Based on the perpetuates racist prejudice
• Leads to real-world consequences

Question 28

Biological Positivism in popular culture

Answer 28

• Fictional villains often represented as unattractive or physically deformed
• Based on the assumption that evil and criminality are manifested in one’s physical features

Question 29

madness in the Middle Ages

Answer 29

• supernatural and the doctrine of humous (black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, blood)
  -Treatment often involved things like exorcism bloodletting, or trepanning
• Considered the family’s responsibility to care for the person

Question 30

Asylums

Answer 30

-People were locked away in horrible conditions for the purpose of “keeping the community safe”
- Asylum reforms in the 1800’s
-Advocates of “moral treatment” meant to get rid of harsh restraints and treat people kindly in order to appeal to whatever rationality remained in their mind
- Mid 1800 the philipe penal he argued that patients would improve if treated with kindness (asylums should be more humane) the moral treatment approach

Question 31

Mental Health as a Medical Issue

Answer 31

• pathology of the mind and body
• early to mid 1800s: emergence of psychology and psychiatry
  -Philippe Pinel (early 1800s):
• Melancholia (suspicions, depression, anxiety, like being alone, he thought this could be caused by abnormality in the skull, alcohol, or periods for women)
• Dementia (forgetfulness)
• Idiocy (stupid)
• Mania with delirium (delusional thinking the person sees things that aren’t there)
• Mania without delirium (blind percentity to acts of violence, without any impairment to the person cognitive function, could be speract)
• Moral insanity, psychopathy

Question 32

Moral Insanity and Psychopathy

Answer 32

• moral insanity was discovered in early 1800s and described to people with moral faculties
• in the late 1800s the term was replaced with psychopathy
• classify people who kept breaking the law
• Unruly traits, form of mental derangement
• Pritchard
• Lack of empathy, pathological lying, lack of remorse =psychopathy

Question 33

Psychopathy and the DSM

Answer 33

-Moral insanity and psychopathy do not appear as diagnoses in the DSM-V (diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - 5th Ed)
- Closest diagnosis is “antisocial Personality disorder”

Question 34

Continued Use of the Term ‘Psychopath’

Answer 34

-Used frequently in popular culture
- Example: Hollywood trope of the charming and manipulative liar who covers up his tendency to violence