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Criminology > Crim 1 > Flashcards

Crim 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What influences the definition of criminal behavior in different societies?

A

Cultural norms and values

The perception of what is considered criminal varies significantly across cultures.

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2
Q

What is polygamy?

A

The practice of having more than one spouse

Polygyny refers to a man having multiple wives, while polyandry refers to a woman having multiple husbands.

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3
Q

How is bigamy defined in the UK?

A

Marrying another person while still married to a previous partner

Bigamy carries a custodial sentence of up to 7 years in the UK.

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4
Q

Why do laws regarding polygamy vary across cultures?

A

Influence of religion and tradition

In some cultures, polygamy is socially accepted, while in others, it is illegal due to religious beliefs.

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5
Q

In which communities is polygamy legal?

A

In some Muslim majority communities

Polygamy is permitted in the Qur’an, influencing its legality in these cultures.

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6
Q

What is the legal status of homosexuality in many countries?

A

Regarded as criminal behavior in approximately 70 countries

Male homosexuality is illegal in 70 countries; lesbian relationships are illegal in 45 countries.

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7
Q

What is the punishment for homosexuality in some countries?

A

Death penalty

Some countries impose severe penalties, including the death penalty, for homosexual acts.

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8
Q

What role does religion play in the criminalization of homosexuality?

A

Religious beliefs influence societal attitudes and laws

Secular societies tend to be more accepting, while religiously influenced cultures often criminalize homosexuality.

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9
Q

How does public opinion affect the legality of homosexuality?

A

Majority opposition can lead to criminalization

In cultures where most people oppose homosexuality, it is more likely to remain illegal.

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10
Q

What is the legal consequence of cannabis possession in the UK?

A

Custodial sentence of up to 5 years

Supplying cannabis can result in a sentence of up to 14 years.

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11
Q

How do attitudes towards cannabis vary globally?

A

Different societies have different legal stances on cannabis

Some countries, like Canada, have decriminalized its use, while others impose strict penalties.

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12
Q

What alternative sanctions may be used for less serious cannabis offenses?

A

Monetary fines

Not all cannabis offenses lead to imprisonment; alternatives may be employed depending on the severity.

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13
Q

Fill in the blank: In the UK, supplying cannabis can result in a custodial sentence of up to ______ years.

A

14

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14
Q

True or False: Homosexuality is legal in all countries.

A

False

Many countries still classify homosexuality as a criminal behavior.

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15
Q

What year did homosexuality become decriminalised for men over 21

A

1966

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16
Q

What year was the age of consent for homosexuality reduced to 18

A

1994

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17
Q

What year was the age of consent for homosexuality lowered to 16- the same as heterosexual sex

A

2000

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18
Q

What did The Homosexual Law Reform Society lead to..

A

The campaign and other pressure groups, such as Stonewall, have led to further changes to laws around homosexuality

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19
Q

What did politicians do to help the change for laws around homosexuality

A

2010 Equality act, made it illegal to discriminate against people based on their sexual orientation (9 protected characteristics)

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20
Q

What did human rights do for the change in homosexuality laws

A

Members of society want the freedom to be who they want to be and live as they want to live. Human rights have influenced lawmakers to improve the law and a ensure people’s rights

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21
Q

The Wolfenden

A

John Wolfenden set up a committee of professionals in the 1950s after a sharpe increase in the number of homosexual men that were convicted of breaking the law. This influenced law makers leading to the change in 1967

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22
Q

What’s the biggest change in drug laws

A

The classification of what is and isn’t illegal behaviour

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23
Q

One reason why drug laws have changed in the past

A

Due to changes in society ls perception of drug use

24
Q

Reason for change in the drug laws

A

Access to and availability of drugs

25
Q

Now the perception of dugs has changed people are now given..

A

Conditional discharge- expected to attend dug clinics or support groups, to improve health and avoid prison

26
Q

Statistic of people addicted to heroin and date in Portugal

A

By 1990, 1 in 100 people were addicted to heroin

27
Q

What school had a mass shooting

A

Dunblane primary school, 16 pupils and one teacher killed

In 1987, Michael Ryan shot and killed 16 people in a mass shooting in Berkshire

28
Q

What happened in the UK 1997 to gun laws

A

Prime minister (John Major, Conservative Party) created a laws that banned the use of most hand guns. Then when political parties changed after the elections the new prime minister (Tony Blair, Labour Party) amended the law, banning most other handguns

29
Q

Why did gun laws change

A

Public outcry- Public unhappy, campaigns began eg Snowdrop campaign led by family’s from those killed in Dublane Primary School, launching a petition for gun law changes

30
Q

What does childhood mean

A

A time in life where children are to be protected, nurtured, and learn through making mistakes

31
Q

About compulsory education

A

In 1880, school became compulsory making a distinction between children and adults

32
Q

What is The Children’s Act

A

In 1980s this act clarified that parents did not have rights over children but responsibilities to children- protecting them from abuse and care properly

33
Q

Give examples of child only laws

A

Restrictions on buying alcohol, lottery tickets and matches

34
Q

When was the death penalty abolished in the UK

A

In 1965

35
Q

Why have laws about physical punishment changed over time

A

Human rights, and Miscarriages of justice

36
Q

Why did human rights change physical punishment

A

Everyone has a right to life. Capital punishment no longer appropriate

37
Q

Why did miscarriages of justice change physical punishment

A

Capital punishment is an irreversible sanction. If mistakes made or new evidence supports someone’s innocence, it would be too late to rectify it

38
Q

Moral panics

A

When behaviour disturbs society to deter other people from committing this behaviour in future

39
Q

Typifications

A

Police organisations may intentionally or unintentionally treat different groups of people differently and in an unequal way. Criminologists demonstrate this when investigating how police respond to a group of middle class people called Saints and a group of working class people called roughnecks. Police respond to Roughneck favorably this demonstrates police have types of people they more likely associate with crime.

40
Q

Age of criminal responsibility

A

UK 10yr, Scotland 12yr. Regardless of behaviour they cannot be convicted this in the same way as an adult as they are not considered to have the full medical capacity or understanding of wrongful behaviours

41
Q

What punishment can someone under the age of criminal responsibility get?

A

Attend youth court or spend time in detention centre

42
Q

Homicide act 1957

A

There are some conditions where an offender complete. They are not guilty for example diminished responsibility can change a conviction from murder to man’s law. If the founder is not found to have the capacity a can also become law if the fender of control is determined.

43
Q

The case of James Bulger in 1993

A

Two 10yr boys abducted, tortured and murdered 2yr old James Bulger. Created moral panic changing the age of criminal responsibility

44
Q

The case of James Bulger in 1993

A

Two 10yr boys abducted, tortured and murdered 2yr old James Bulger. Created moral panic changing the age of criminal responsibility

45
Q

What year did Portugal decriminalise drugs

A

2001

46
Q

Define social construct

A

A term used in sociology to refer to something that has been created, made, defined, by society

47
Q

What are summary offences

A

Less serious offences tried by magistrates

48
Q

What are indictable offences

A

More serious tried by crown court

49
Q

Crime definition

A

Something that can get someone in trouble with the law

50
Q

Define deviance

A

Something that is wrong but you could be judged instead of prosecuted

51
Q

Who was a victim of wrongful conviction sentenced to death

A

Derek William Benty

52
Q

Who claims childhood is a social construct

A

Philip Aries

53
Q

Fire Arms act 1997

A

Banned handguns in the UK due to campaigns like snowdrop

54
Q

What countries have legalised cannabis?

A

Canada, Portugal, Uruguay

55
Q

What is the age of criminal responsibility in England, Wales, N Island

A

10yr

Criminology (1 decks)

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