CRIJ 3363 - Violent Offenders Exam 1 (Chapters 1-3)

Question 1

What type of murders are often unplanned acts of anger, rage, or frustration, typically precipitated by a conflict situation, such as an argument or fight?

Answer 1

Expressive

Question 2

A growing body of research suggests that the warrior gene, sometimes referred to as a genetic polymorphism, correlates with which of the following?

Answer 2

Higher levels of delinquency
Antisocial behavior
Hypersensitivity to real or imagined slights
*All of the above (Answer)

Question 3

Some suggest that the more a society legitimates violence in certain situations, the more ______ violence there will be.

Answer 3

Justified

Question 4

One study of newspaper reporting found that around ______ of homicides received the vast majority of all media attention.

Answer 4

5%

Question 5

Which movement tried to improve the human race through selective breeding practices, forced sterilization programs, and similar kinds of policies?

Answer 5

Eugenics

Question 6

Which justification for capital punishment has nothing to do with public safety — it is a moral justification?

Answer 6

Retribution

Question 7

A number of scholars assert that it is not absolute deprivation that is associated with violence, but rather inequality that is sometimes referred to as ______.

Answer 7

Relative deprivation

Question 8

In 2017 alone, according to the NCVS, more than ______ Americans over the age of 12 were victims of violent crimes.

Answer 8

Three million

Question 9

What theory contends that violence is learned in the same way that anything else is learned?

Answer 9

Social learning

Question 10

The ______ argument argues that people generally refrain from committing murder because they fear execution.

Answer 10

General deterrence

Question 11

Studies using MRIs and PET scans have revealed that violent offenders, especially impulsively aggressive individuals, often have ______ that are believed to have played a role in predisposing some of them to violent behavior.

Answer 11

Brain dysfunctions

Question 12

Violent crimes in the United States ______ in the early 1990s and have ______ since that time.

Answer 12

peaked; generally declined

Question 13

Which 1970 act was important because it consolidated all previous drug laws into one law designed to control prescription drugs and illicit drugs by creating five categories or schedules to classify drugs based on several criteria that included their accepted medical use and their potential for abuse and addiction?

Answer 13

Controlled Substance Act

Question 14

Evidence indicates that many perpetrators of violence see themselves as being justified in their actions and typically define their acts as ______.

Answer 14

A legitimate response to some behavioral or ethical breach on the part of their victim

Question 15

Craig Anderson and his colleagues define ______ as the reduction in distress-related physiological reactivity to observations or thoughts of violence.

Answer 15

Emotional desensitization

Question 16

Archer and Gartner found that most combatant nations experienced ______ postwar increases in their rates of homicide and concluded that wars did appear to legitimate violence.

Answer 16

Substantial

Question 17

What type of violence concerns those acts in which the motivations are expressive of some emotional state, such as anger or jealousy?

Answer 17

Expressive

Question 18

The sociologist Jack Katz argues that many perpetrators see their violence as a form of ______.

Answer 18

Righteous slaughter

Question 19

______ are accidental or unintentional killings that did not occur because of negligence or recklessness.

Answer 19

Excusable homicides

Question 20

Which theory argues that individuals learn not to act in ways that go against their own personal standards of morality because that brings about self-condemnation and self-criticism?

Answer 20

Theory of moral disengagement

Question 21

The NCVS distinguishes the number of victimizations as ______.

Answer 21

how many victimization acts were experienced by survey respondents

Question 22

What type of murders are those conducted for explicit future goals, such as acquiring money or property?

Answer 22

Instrumental

Question 23

An argument made by a number of criminologists but popularized by John DiIulio suggests that our society was home to a new breed of violent offender known as ______.

Answer 23

Superpredators

Question 24

Although there are many different factors that influence violent assaults, the majority of homicides appear to be sparked by relatively minor conflicts and disagreements.

Answer 24

True

Question 25

______ seek to understand violent behavior in terms of personality, character, and mental disorder.

Answer 25

Psychological perspectives

Question 26

Given that most violence is perpetrated by males, some have suggested that male aggression is linked with levels of ______.

Answer 26

Testosterone

Question 27

Murder rates and the perpetuation and victimization rates for homicide are influenced by which of the following?

Answer 27

geographical location
age
race
*All of the above (Answer)

Question 28

A(n) ______ assault is defined as “an attack or attempted attack with a weapon, regardless of whether or not an injury occurred and attack without a weapon when serious injury results.”

Answer 28

Aggravated

Question 29

The ______ for capital punishment is that executing those who commit murder is the only effective way to keep them from ever killing again.

Answer 29

Incapacitation justification

Question 30

Clearly, when cultural values tolerating violence are combined with the ______ effects of alcohol, the likelihood that violence will result — “particularly in conflict situation” — is higher.

Answer 30

Disinhibiting

Question 31

The intergenerational transmission of violence theory is also known as the cycle of violence theory.

Answer 31

True

Question 32

It is estimated that only about ______ of crimes become known to police.

Answer 32

40% to 50%

Question 33

The theory that being poor and living within a relatively affluent community is a much more negative experience than being poor and living within a poor community is referred to as relative deprivation.

Answer 33

True

Question 34

Marvin Wolfgang, who examined the characteristics of murder in Philadelphia in 1955, conducting one of the first empirical examinations to link alcohol and violence found that ______ of the offenders in his sample had been drinking alcohol prior to the murder.

Answer 34

55%

Question 35

Very few sources document any connection between alcohol and violence.

Answer 35

False

Question 36

How is the National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS) different from the Uniform Crime Report (UCR)?

Answer 36

It includes detailed information on crime incidents, including the characteristics of the victim, such as age, gender, race, ethnicity, and resident status.

Question 37

Kenneth Polk labels events in which victims start the conflicts that end in their own deaths as ______ because they are characterized by altercations that typically evolve from verbal exchanges of insults into physical contests.

Answer 37

Confrontational homicides

Question 38

Enjoying violent video and computer games or watching violent sporting events:

Answer 38

Is an example of experiencing victimization vicariously

Question 39

What type of violence consists of the assaults, rapes, robberies, and murders, which often come to mind when thinking about violence?

Answer 39

Interpersonal

Question 40

______ are criminal homicides in which the degree of responsibility is considered much less than murder, not only because premeditation and deliberation are absent but also because the offender did not act with malice.

Answer 40

Manslaughter

Question 41

According to the NCVS, what is the number of people 12 and older who experience a particular type of victimization divided by the total number of people 12 and older in the population per 1,000 people?

Answer 41

Victimization rate

Question 42

Subcultures of violence have also sometimes been characterized as being cultures of ______.

Answer 42

Honor

Question 43

First articulated by Wolfgang and Ferracuti, which viewpoint suggests that members of some groups are more likely to rely on violence?

Answer 43

Subculture of violence

Question 44

What theory adds insight into corporate decisions that result in death, such as the current opioid crisis gripping the United States?

Answer 44

Institutional anomie

Question 45

The suggestion that legitimate forms of violence influence illegitimate forms of violence is known as the ______.

Answer 45

Spillover theory

Question 46

What often separates nonlethal assaults from those that result in death is the availability of a(n) ______.

Answer 46

Firearm

Question 47

According to the frustration-aggression hypothesis, which of the following factors increases the likelihood of a violent reaction?

Answer 47

The presence of aggressive stimuli such as aggressive music

Question 48

Historically, if violence was perpetrated in the home, it was generally conceded to be much more acceptable than if it was carried out in a public place or work setting, and thus ______ has been an important variable.

Answer 48

Location

Question 49

Those who have ______ are often characterized as being very narcissistic, reckless, and emotionally shallow.

Answer 49

Antisocial personality disorder

Question 50

Research shows that ______ develops best when young people are shown how their actions affect others, but individuals with antisocial personality disorder show an impaired ability to empathize.

Answer 50

Morality