CRIJ 3363 - Violent Offenders Exam 1 (Chapters 1-3) Flashcards
What type of murders are often unplanned acts of anger, rage, or frustration, typically precipitated by a conflict situation, such as an argument or fight?
Expressive
A growing body of research suggests that the warrior gene, sometimes referred to as a genetic polymorphism, correlates with which of the following?
Higher levels of delinquency
Antisocial behavior
Hypersensitivity to real or imagined slights
*All of the above (Answer)
Some suggest that the more a society legitimates violence in certain situations, the more ______ violence there will be.
Justified
One study of newspaper reporting found that around ______ of homicides received the vast majority of all media attention.
5%
Which movement tried to improve the human race through selective breeding practices, forced sterilization programs, and similar kinds of policies?
Eugenics
Which justification for capital punishment has nothing to do with public safety — it is a moral justification?
Retribution
A number of scholars assert that it is not absolute deprivation that is associated with violence, but rather inequality that is sometimes referred to as ______.
Relative deprivation
In 2017 alone, according to the NCVS, more than ______ Americans over the age of 12 were victims of violent crimes.
Three million
What theory contends that violence is learned in the same way that anything else is learned?
Social learning
The ______ argument argues that people generally refrain from committing murder because they fear execution.
General deterrence
Studies using MRIs and PET scans have revealed that violent offenders, especially impulsively aggressive individuals, often have ______ that are believed to have played a role in predisposing some of them to violent behavior.
Brain dysfunctions
Violent crimes in the United States ______ in the early 1990s and have ______ since that time.
peaked; generally declined
Which 1970 act was important because it consolidated all previous drug laws into one law designed to control prescription drugs and illicit drugs by creating five categories or schedules to classify drugs based on several criteria that included their accepted medical use and their potential for abuse and addiction?
Controlled Substance Act
Evidence indicates that many perpetrators of violence see themselves as being justified in their actions and typically define their acts as ______.
A legitimate response to some behavioral or ethical breach on the part of their victim
Craig Anderson and his colleagues define ______ as the reduction in distress-related physiological reactivity to observations or thoughts of violence.
Emotional desensitization
Archer and Gartner found that most combatant nations experienced ______ postwar increases in their rates of homicide and concluded that wars did appear to legitimate violence.
Substantial
What type of violence concerns those acts in which the motivations are expressive of some emotional state, such as anger or jealousy?
Expressive
The sociologist Jack Katz argues that many perpetrators see their violence as a form of ______.
Righteous slaughter
______ are accidental or unintentional killings that did not occur because of negligence or recklessness.
Excusable homicides
Which theory argues that individuals learn not to act in ways that go against their own personal standards of morality because that brings about self-condemnation and self-criticism?
Theory of moral disengagement
The NCVS distinguishes the number of victimizations as ______.
how many victimization acts were experienced by survey respondents
What type of murders are those conducted for explicit future goals, such as acquiring money or property?
Instrumental
An argument made by a number of criminologists but popularized by John DiIulio suggests that our society was home to a new breed of violent offender known as ______.
Superpredators
Although there are many different factors that influence violent assaults, the majority of homicides appear to be sparked by relatively minor conflicts and disagreements.
True
______ seek to understand violent behavior in terms of personality, character, and mental disorder.
Psychological perspectives
Given that most violence is perpetrated by males, some have suggested that male aggression is linked with levels of ______.
Testosterone
Murder rates and the perpetuation and victimization rates for homicide are influenced by which of the following?
geographical location
age
race
*All of the above (Answer)
A(n) ______ assault is defined as “an attack or attempted attack with a weapon, regardless of whether or not an injury occurred and attack without a weapon when serious injury results.”
Aggravated
The ______ for capital punishment is that executing those who commit murder is the only effective way to keep them from ever killing again.
Incapacitation justification
Clearly, when cultural values tolerating violence are combined with the ______ effects of alcohol, the likelihood that violence will result — “particularly in conflict situation” — is higher.
Disinhibiting
The intergenerational transmission of violence theory is also known as the cycle of violence theory.
True
It is estimated that only about ______ of crimes become known to police.
40% to 50%
The theory that being poor and living within a relatively affluent community is a much more negative experience than being poor and living within a poor community is referred to as relative deprivation.
True
Marvin Wolfgang, who examined the characteristics of murder in Philadelphia in 1955, conducting one of the first empirical examinations to link alcohol and violence found that ______ of the offenders in his sample had been drinking alcohol prior to the murder.
55%
Very few sources document any connection between alcohol and violence.
False
How is the National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS) different from the Uniform Crime Report (UCR)?
It includes detailed information on crime incidents, including the characteristics of the victim, such as age, gender, race, ethnicity, and resident status.
Kenneth Polk labels events in which victims start the conflicts that end in their own deaths as ______ because they are characterized by altercations that typically evolve from verbal exchanges of insults into physical contests.
Confrontational homicides
Enjoying violent video and computer games or watching violent sporting events:
Is an example of experiencing victimization vicariously
What type of violence consists of the assaults, rapes, robberies, and murders, which often come to mind when thinking about violence?
Interpersonal
______ are criminal homicides in which the degree of responsibility is considered much less than murder, not only because premeditation and deliberation are absent but also because the offender did not act with malice.
Manslaughter
According to the NCVS, what is the number of people 12 and older who experience a particular type of victimization divided by the total number of people 12 and older in the population per 1,000 people?
Victimization rate
Subcultures of violence have also sometimes been characterized as being cultures of ______.
Honor
First articulated by Wolfgang and Ferracuti, which viewpoint suggests that members of some groups are more likely to rely on violence?
Subculture of violence
What theory adds insight into corporate decisions that result in death, such as the current opioid crisis gripping the United States?
Institutional anomie
The suggestion that legitimate forms of violence influence illegitimate forms of violence is known as the ______.
Spillover theory
What often separates nonlethal assaults from those that result in death is the availability of a(n) ______.
Firearm
According to the frustration-aggression hypothesis, which of the following factors increases the likelihood of a violent reaction?
The presence of aggressive stimuli such as aggressive music
Historically, if violence was perpetrated in the home, it was generally conceded to be much more acceptable than if it was carried out in a public place or work setting, and thus ______ has been an important variable.
Location
Those who have ______ are often characterized as being very narcissistic, reckless, and emotionally shallow.
Antisocial personality disorder
Research shows that ______ develops best when young people are shown how their actions affect others, but individuals with antisocial personality disorder show an impaired ability to empathize.
Morality
