Crematory Operations Flashcards
combustion is a chemical reaction where ____ combines with a fuel, giving off heat
oxygen
what are the 3 T’s of combustion?
time (retention time)
temperature
turbulence
the liquid that remains after the alkaline hydrolysis process
hydrolysate / effluent
which two hydroxide compounds are used in the alkaline hydrolysis process for human disposition?
potassium hydroxide (KOH) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
the amount of hydroxides used in the alkaline hydrolysis process depend on which three factors?
sex
weight
embalming status
a heat-sensing device found in both the primary and secondary chamber
thermocouple
cremator design where the secondary chamber is behind the main chamber and the cremator is shorter and wider
inline
cremator design where the secondary chamber is located below the main chamber and the cremator is taller and narrower
retort
this cremator component helps ignite the cremation container
primary burner
this cremator component maintains the temperature in the secondary chamber
secondary burner
this cremator component is lined with refractory and receives the fully combusted products of combustion
stack
this cremator component constricts air flow to help create turbulence
baffle
the refractory should be visually inspected ____, and the stack should be inspected ____
before each cremation
monthly
when storing cremation containers and remains, it is acceptable to stack them on the floor or on top of one another (T/F)
false
heavy cases should be done at the end of the day when the retort is hot (T/F)
false
average cases are normally loaded feet first (T/F)
true
the cremation authorization form should be developed and owned by the crematory rather than the funeral home (T/F)
true
this log tracks the entry into and exit from the storage facility for all cases
refrigeration log
this log tracks inspections, repairs and other activities related to the cremator itself
maintenance log
this log tracks all operational activities of each case, including start and end time of the cremation, fuel consumption, type of container, etc.
cremation log
when shipping cremated remains domestically, the USPS is the only legal method (T/F)
true
unannounced inspections of a crematory by the funeral home is something that should occur each year (T/F)
true
if the funeral director forgets, the crematory operator can remove the pacemaker prior to cremation (T/F)
false
who maintains a standard of no visible remains or residue within the cremation chamber?
CANA
what color should cremated remains be?
white to light gray
poorly maintained floors may cause loss of up to ____ of cremated remains in cracks and crevices
10%
the typical cremated remains weigh between ____ lbs
4 to 8
this cremator type allows for more efficient use of energy/material and more complete combustion
retort
what would create a “peak” in the cremation process?
combustion of cavity and container
carbon monoxide bonds ____x more effectively to hemoglobin than oxygen
200
pollution abatement equipment that removes particulates and objectionable materials by means of sprays and baffles best defines ____
gas or wet scrubber
A simple step like using cardboard rollers may shorten cremation time by ____, and ____ during the process
15%
reduce potential for damage to hearth
Body fat has ___x the BTU value of muscle and organ tissue, which is enough to maintain the process of cremation
17
lean muscle mass and organ tissue consumes energy from the combustion process (T/F)
true
cremators are classified by the IIA (Incinerator Institute of America) as type ___
VI (six)
human and animal waste is type ___ waste
4
consumable non-organic items (cardboard, wood, etc.) are type ___ waste
0
what might be a safety issue in loading a cardboard container into a chamber that is holding a significant amount of stored refractory heat?
quick flash
if repositioning is needed (if legal in your state), it should be considered ____ than 1 hour into the cremation and the optimal piece of equipment used for this task would be ____
more
stoking tools
the excess air system brings in ___ cubic feet of air per minute from outside the unit
600
EPA Method 5 is a ____ quantitative analysis of emissions, whereas EPA Method 9 is a ____ analysis of emissions
quantitative
visual
there are no federal or state regulations for mercury emissions (T/F)
true
the actual time that the products of combustion remain in the heat of the secondary chamber
retention time
a minimum of ____ at the designed operating temperature is necessary (and sometimes required by permit)
for effective destruction of the products of combustion prior to their exiting into the atmosphere
1 second
the ____ in the air does not take part in the combustion
nitrogen
the greater the excess air, the greater the temperature ____
reduction
perfect combustion results in the formation of ____
carbon dioxide and water
a normal rate of combustion is approximately ____
150 pounds/hour
in the alkaline hydrolysis process, these two alkaline compounds are used
sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH)
generally, the pH of the water must be brought down to at least ___ to be discharged into the sewer system,
though each municipality has its own standard
11
two ways the pH of the water can be lowered for discharge
-by the addition of an acid, such as sulfuric acid or citric acid
-by injecting carbon dioxide (CO2)
