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Toxicology credit test 2 > credit test 2 > Flashcards

credit test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

When administrate morphine into mouse tail it get a cramp. what is it called?

A

Straub/straut reaction (S shape)

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2
Q

What measures effects of ammonia?

A

Temperature

pH

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3
Q

What do we measure to find CO in blood?

A

Carbonylhemoglobin

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4
Q

Tansy contain:

A

Thujon (neurotoxic , hepatotoxic)

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5
Q

Zinc phosphates affect mostly

A 
Birds of prey
Pheasant
Eagles
Wild animals
Hares
All organs -necrosis of stomach
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6
Q

Secondary phototoxic agents are?

A

Chlororphyll (convert to phylloerythrin)

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7
Q

Toxicity test include

A

Risk and safety sentences

R57 about bees

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8
Q

What does anticoagulative rodenticides block?

A

Vit. K cycle

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9
Q

Ammonia LD for salmons are

A

LD=0.5 mg/l

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10
Q

Ammonia LD for carps are

A

LD=1.0 mg/l

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11
Q

What are te clinical signs for salt intoxication?

A 
Thirst
Paralysis (pigs sitting like dogs)
Increase salivation
oedema
vomiting
diarrhoea, constipation
Colic 
Normal TRIAS
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12
Q

What do we test the sediment for?

A

Heavy metals

Pesticides

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13
Q

Death of deer in rape toxicosis is caused by?

A

S-methylcysteinsulfoxide (SMCSO), a haemolytic AA
kidney failure
Severe GIT problems
Hemolytic anemia

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14
Q

Optimum pH in water is

A

6.5-6.8

ph can be used to measure the toxicity of ammonium

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15
Q

What substances gives GIT irritation and is immunesuppressive?

A

Trichotecens

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16
Q

Azalea contains?

A

Cardio active glucosides

Honey within the plant is also poisonous

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17
Q

Botulism is treated by?

A

Physostigmin

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18
Q

How do we detect Zinc phosphide poisoning?

A

Check the content of the stomach

Levels of phosphane gas

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19
Q

What belongs to organophosphate poisoning? How is it measure and determine OP?

A 
Fluro - cyanophosphates
Pyrophosphoric acid
Thiophosphoric acid
Butyrycholinesterase in plasma/blood
   ->inhibit AChE/ButyrylcholineE=accum. of ACh=excitation
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20
Q

What plants contain furanocoumarins?

A 
Cow parsnip
St. John´s
Hypericum
Buckwheat
Are all primary phototoxic
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21
Q

What is Strychinine?

A

Pesticide

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22
Q

What are clinical signs of anticoagulative rodenticides?

A

Bleeding from nose, mouth, anus

Anemia

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23
Q

Samples taken for clinical examination;

A 
Blood
Urine 
Feathers/Fur
Feaces 
Vomit
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24
Q

Samples sent to lab. in fish poisonings

A

5-20 fish of 1 species
2-4 L of water
2 KG of sediment

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25
Q

Carbamates bind to

A

Bytylcholinesterase
Acetylcholinesterase
Atropine

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26
Q

CO blocks

A

Hemoglobin

Myoglobin

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27
Q

Official limit of Cl in water is

A

100 mg/l

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28
Q

Pesticides belong

A

Chlorinated insecticides
Pyrethrins/pyrethroids
Organophosphates/Carbamates
Fipronil

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29
Q

What is used to detect CO in blood?

A

Carbonylhemoglobin /carboxyhemoglobin
Cherry red blood + mucosa
non-coagulated blood

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30
Q

What inhibit GABA?

A

HCH
Fipronil
Pyrethroid of CS type

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31
Q

Minemate disease caused by?

A

Methylmercury

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32
Q

Jimson weed

A

Contains atropine
Alkaloid
Hyperthermia
Contain atropine alkaline

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33
Q

When do we take sediment for testing?

A

In Fish poisoning

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34
Q

Which fungi cause ochractoxin A?

A

Penicillium

Asperigillus

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35
Q

Which are organophosphate pesticides?

A

DDT

HCH

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36
Q

What is the antidotes in organophosphates?

A

Atropine

Oxims! (reactivate of AChE)

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37
Q

Characteristics of DDT:

A

Accumulates in fat
Destroy Na channels
Alter Calcium metabolism

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38
Q

Fuminosids cause:

A

Equine leukoencephalomalacia

Porcine pulmonary oedema

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39
Q

What is typical for infectious diseases?

A

Fever
Swelling/oedema of spleen and LN
Spread gradually

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40
Q

How do we determine NaCl conc. ?

A

Titration

Chromatographically

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41
Q

what affects acetylcholinesterase?

A

Organophosphates

Carbamates

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42
Q

Pyrethrins/pyrethroids functions:

A 
Insectecides
Influence Na (sodium) channel and GABA receptors and Ca2+ receptors
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43
Q

Trichotecens functions?

A 
Gastrotoxic 
vomiting
inappeteance 
immunosuppression
hepatotoxic
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44
Q

Organophosphates administration/treatment

A

Atropine

Oxoins -Reactivators of ACHoxoins

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45
Q

What causes porcine mycotoxin nephropathy?

A

Ochratoxin A

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46
Q

Ergot cockle

A

Product of Calviceps purpuea (parasite on rye)
Alkaloid
Signs are convulsions, abortions, hallucinations, maniacal depressions

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47
Q

Zearalenon (in Maize)

A 
Estrogenic effect
Cause vulvovaginitis 
abortions
Problem with conceiving/reproduction
Disturbance of sexual hormones
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48
Q

Salt intoxication result in

A

disturbance osmotic balance (dehydration of cells, increase permeability)

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49
Q

Nitrite treatment by (NO2-)

A 
Methylene blue (never in meat production animals)
Vit.C
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50
Q

What does hemlock cause?

A

Suffocation

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51
Q

What does rapeseed contain?

A

S-methylsuphonides

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52
Q

What causes methaemoglobin?

Has methemoglobinisation activity

A

Methylmercury (minemata)

Nitrites NO2-

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53
Q

Amount of nitrites in drinking water should be

A

0.5 mg/l for adults/animals

0 mg/l infants

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54
Q

Methaemoglobin formed from?

A

Nitrites

Microorganism

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55
Q

Main organ for autopsy is

A

Liver

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56
Q

Organophosphates bind

A

irreversibly
Atropine
Oximes
Enzymes - AChE

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57
Q

Pyrethrins is toxic to

A

Bees
Fish
Cats (due to low Glucuronyl transferase)

58
Q

DDE

A

Xenoestrogenic

59
Q

Proven to be carcinogenic are

A

Alfatoxins B1

Nitrosamines

60
Q

What affinity of CO do we have when binding to haem?

A

x240 higher than O2

fetalHb x300

61
Q

What is banned in Stockholm convention?

A

POPs - Annex A (elimination!) Aldrin, Chlordan, Dieldrin, endring, mirex, HCH, hepatochlor, toxafen, PCB

62
Q

Nitrate NO3 limit in water is

A

50 mg/l Adult/animal

15 mg/l infants

63
Q

What colour is blood in nitrate intoxication?

A

Normal - (nitrate=brown)

64
Q

What binds to the enzyme AChE? what does OP bind to?

A

Atropine

Oximes

65
Q

What are banned?

66
Q

Ergot Cockle contains?

A

Alkaloids

Mycotoxins

67
Q

What can you check for/in warfarin toxicity?

A

Quick test
PMCA test (PIVKA test)
Liver sample

68
Q

Rodenticide used since ancient times?

A

Scilleroside

69
Q

What does hemlock do? (containing Coniin)

A 
Distrubs ACH receptors
Irritates GIT (coniin)
Paralysis of motoric+ bulla centres in brain
Full consciousness 
Suffocation
70
Q

Types of rodenticides are

A

Zinc phosphide
Cholecalciferol (vit.D)
Scillerosides
Couramines - Anticoagulants

71
Q

Treatment course of NaCl + Nitrate intoxication

A

water 0.5% of bw every hours (Never! ad libitum)

change feed+water

72
Q

Clinical signs of Nitrite (NO2-) poisoning

A 
Paralysis 
Vasodilation
collapse
hypoxia
asphyxia
73
Q

Active substance in Crown vetch?

A

Cardio active glucosides

Coronillin

74
Q

What do you measure pesticides with?

A

Gas chromatography

Blood plasma

75
Q

Patullin

A

Bind to SH groups
Changes function of enzymes
Increases permeability of cell membranes

76
Q

Colour of blood in Nitrite poisoning?

77
Q

Ochratoxins

A

Inhibit proteosynthesis in exchange for phenylprelaine

78
Q

Treatment if anticoagulative rodenticides ?

A

Activated Vit. K1 (admin s.c.)

Activated charcoal

79
Q

What inhibit GABA?

A

HCH
Pyrethroids of CS type
Tremorgernic mycotoxins
Phenylpyrazoles e.g Fibronil

80
Q

Lab. diagnostic of mycotoxins by?

A

HPLC = liquid chromatography

Gas chromatography

81
Q

What is only associated in food/feces?

A

Trichothecans

82
Q

What causes alopecia?

A

Cohlchinae - Autumn crocus
Triothecans - fusarium mycotoxin
Thallium

83
Q

What is secondary poisoning?

A

Eating dead rodents that dies from poisoning

84
Q

What substances undergo enterohepatic cycling?

A

Thallium
Ocratoxins
Zearalenone

85
Q

Treatment of thallium poisoning?

A

Prussian blue

86
Q

What has garlic smell in post mortem?

A

Phosphate poisoning (Zn phosphide)

87
Q

Name alkaloid substances

A

Strycnine

Anticoagulative rodenticides

88
Q

Active form of Vit. K is?

89
Q

Forms of ergot poisoning?

A

SH groups of proteins changing the function of enzymes

Increase permeability of membrane

90
Q

Tricothecans

A 
Fusarium mycotoxin
T2 toxin
Excreted from feces and urine 
Residues in body, ONLY food/feed
Inhibit peptidyltransferase
Damage DNA+RNA
91
Q

Fusonamides (fumonisines)

A

Interfere with sphingolipid metabolism

Fetal in Eq and Su

92
Q

Determination of methemoglobin by

A

Spectrometry

Chromatography

93
Q

Lack of sphingolipids causes which diseases?

A

Equine leukoencephalomalacia

Porcine pulmonary oedema

94
Q

What belongs to pesticides?

95
Q

CO (carbon monoxide) binds to?

A

inhibit binding of ozygen to Fe3+

Proteins and enzymes which take part in oxidative phosphorylation (i.e. cyt. C oxidase, cyt. P450)

96
Q

Carbamates bind to?

A

Acetylcholine
Acetylcholinesterase
Na channels
(reversible binding)

97
Q

Colchine

A

Inhibit cell division and movement

Binds to tubulin

98
Q

What samples are NOT taken during clinical examination?

99
Q

Lily of the valley function is?

A

Cardioactive glucosides

100
Q

Which fish test is done under 4 days?

A

Semi static

Static tests

101
Q

Metal poisoning in honey bees

102
Q

COD measures:

A

Chemical oxygen demand (COD) (non-direct method)
Biological degradable and non-degradable substances
mg/L
Detect value of organic compound in water by ions that reduce the company with help of oxygen

103
Q

What toxin is in foxglove?

A

Cardioactive glucosides
Digoxin
Digitoxin

104
Q

OECD 423

A 
Acute toxic class method
Classified according to GHS
105
Q

BOD measures:

A

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

organic degradable

106
Q

What is important to check in fish poisoning?

A

Oxygen
Gills
Clinical signs
(not in lab. at the place of poisoning)

107
Q

Butulin is?

A 
Alimentary poisoning 
Neurotoxin
Inhibit ACh
Paralysis of mimic muscles
Paralysis of muscle of head and neck in birds
108
Q

Death of deer by rape toxicosis is caused by?

A

Severe GIT problems

Hemolytic anemia

109
Q

Botulism causes and treated by:

A

Inhibits ACh release and cause blockage of neurotransmitters
apathy, fatigue
Loss of stability, paralysis
no palpebral reflex
death due to collapse of resp. muscles
Treatment: symptomatic, gastrolavage, emetics ->only of no signs of paralysis
Activated charcoal and Physostigmin

110
Q

In zinc phosphide poisoning we detect? (CS)

A

Nausea
Vomiting
Colic with bloody excrements
Bloating
patho. gastritis, enteritis w/haemorrhages, necrosis, petechias on serosa, brain, endothelium
Examination of GIT content -> has garlic smell

111
Q

What plants contain furanocoumarins?

A

St. John´s
Hypericum
Cow parsnip
Buckwheat

112
Q

What is Strychnine

113
Q

R57

A

Very toxic to bees

114
Q

R51, R52, R53

A 
Toxicity to fish
1-10
10-100
Long term
H401, H402, H413
115
Q

What is used for detection of CO in blood?

A

Cherry red colour of blood
Non-coagulative blood
Measure Carbonylhemoglobin

116
Q

What is true about the directives

A

regulated by R/S sentences

R57 very toxic for bees

117
Q

Clinical signs of salt intoxication:

A

Salivation,thirst, vomiting, diarrhoea, colic pain, oedemas, coordination disturbances, epileptic attack, paresis, paralysis

118
Q

When do we take sediments for testing?

A

Pesticide, PAH, metal contamination

119
Q

Rapeseed are toxic because of the presence of

A

S-methylcysteinsulfoxide - hemlytic AA

120
Q

In anticoagulative rodenticide we can observe:

A 
Spontaneous bleeding (nose, mouth, anus), weakness, sleepiness, apathy,hematuria, melon, anaemia, bleeding after small injuries, weak pulse, low temp. s.c. and mayo bleeding , haemorrhage diathesis
Animals dies from hypovolaemia and anemia
121
Q

Botulin types:

A 
Type A-G
Cattle=BDC
Eq=B
Birds and CA=C
Cats=Resistant
122
Q

Limits of pH in water are

A

6.5-8.5
(salmon death <4.2 >9.2)
(carp death <5 >10.8)

123
Q

What do Solanacea plants cause in horses?

A

Z´dar horse hepatotoxic

124
Q

Characteristics of DDT

A 
Accumulation in fat 
Slow conversion DDT->DDE->DDD
by eating or contact
Effect nervous system Na channels=repolarisation
Malacia (softening of eggshells)
Mousy smell from GIT
DDE has xenoestrogenic effect
125
Q

Parasympathicus activates

A

Hypersalivation

Increase motility of GIT

126
Q

Used rodenticide

A

Inorganic=Zinc phosphide

Organic=Cholecalciferol, scilliroside, anticoagulative (warfarin) and Strychnine

127
Q

Immunesuppressive and gastronomic is

A

Fusarium Mycotoxin = Tricotecens

128
Q

Minemata disease is causing:

A

Neural disorders

Brain disorders

129
Q

Which of those substances have Methaemoglobin activity?

A

Paracetamol

Also Benxocain, lidocaine, Phenacetin, analgesics

130
Q

Old man’s beard

A

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids -> Senecin, Senecinonin
Z´dar disease in horses
Chronic

131
Q

NH3 (ammonia) levels in water depends on

A

pH
Temp.
These can be used to test if NH3 level are toxic

132
Q

Strychnine - rodenticide

A

Alkaloid, inhibit glycine receptors in spine, medulla oblongata leading to clonic/chronic seizures

133
Q

Senecio ssp. Senecin , Senecionin causes

A

Z´dar disease in horses, hepatotoxic , alkaloid

134
Q

What plant has methhaemoglobin effect?

A

Nitrite plants - Brassicaeae in polygastric

135
Q

Eq leukoencephalomalacia and Porcine pulmonary oedema is caused by?

A

Fuminosines

136
Q

Methaemoglobin is formed from?

A

Fe2+ to Fe3+ (in Nitrite conversion)

Microorganism (in methyl mercury)

137
Q

Azalea contains/are?

A

Are flowers from Rhododendron, containing cardio active glucosides which block Na/K ATPase pump leading to accumulation of Na+ and hyperexitability, causing spams and contractility and positive inotropic effect

138
Q

Monster fruit, Flamingo flower and Dumbcane contain

A

Chronic oxalates

damage kidneys esp. in cats

139
Q

Azalen, Kalanchoe are

A

Cardioactive glucosides

140
Q

Draceen, Mother-in-law-tongue, and Persian cyclamen :

A

Saponines

Cause volition , diarrhea

141
Q

Christmas star, Christ thorn and Croton contain

A

latex with milk

Are dermatotoxic

142
Q

Hippeastrum “Bell-like-flower” are

A

neurotoxic alkaloids

Toxicology credit test 2 (1 decks)

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