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Epizootology > Credit 1 > Flashcards

Credit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the principle of AGID (agar gel immunodiffusion) test?

A

When antigen and specific antibodies bind they form a precipitation seen as visible line, this indicates a positive test.
Incubation for 24 hours.

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2
Q

Division of the media used for cell culture:

A

Liquid, solid

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3
Q

In blocking ELISA positive result is:

A

No colour

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4
Q

Give an example of facultative pathogens:

A

Bacteria: Salmonella, Staphylococcuc spp., Listeria spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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5
Q

Animal notifiable diseases are reported to:

A

World organization for animal health

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6
Q

What are the stages for epizootic process?

A

Interepizootic
Preepizootic
Ascending
Culmination
Descending
Postepizootic

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7
Q

What is epizootiological triad?

A

Animal populations, etiological agents and environmental factors

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8
Q

What is an abortive infection?

A

Infection that disappear after prodromal period

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9
Q

What are the ways of etiological agents transmission?

A

Mode of transmission = the way in which etiological agents is transmitted from affected to susceptible individuals

Route of infection = route by which agent gains access to the body of individual
* Alimentary tract
* Respiratory tract
* Skin
* Urogenital tract
* Mammary gland
* Conjunctiva
* Umbilical infection
* Accidental entry

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10
Q

What test is virological?

A

Virus neutralization

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11
Q

What is the principle of haemagglutination inhibition test?

A

Antibodies to a particular virus will prevent attachment of virus to RBC by hemagglutinin
(parvovirus, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus)
Positive = inhibition of blood cell agglutination –'’button’’
Negative = typical hemagglutination, diffuse layer of the cells

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12
Q

Complement fixation test is used for the detection of:

A

antibodies in serum
(Ag + Ab + complement –> immunocomplex + complement –> OERY + amboceptor –> pos: no hemolysis OR neg: hemolysis)

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13
Q

In sandwich ELISA positive result is:

A

Change of colour to green/yellow

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14
Q

Carnivores are born:

A

Hypoamaglobulinemic

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15
Q

What is tropisms of pathogens?

A

Tropism = ability of a given pathogen to infect a specific location

Monotropic = for one organ or system
Polytropic = for more organs and systems
Pantropic = multiple sites in organism

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16
Q

What is the role of colostral immunity?

A

Provide passive immunity
Protection against septicaemia and organ infection.
Local protection of intestine.
GIT multiplication of bacteria.

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17
Q

Clinical signs indicating failure of passive transfer of immunity in 3-5 days old animals:

A

Profuse diarrhoea and dehydration.
Respiratory or systemic infections.

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18
Q

What sample is taken for rabies diagnosis?

A

Brain

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19
Q

Cytopathic effect is:

A

Destruction of the cells after virus inoculation

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20
Q

Which medium is used for cultivation of Salmonella?

A

MacConkey agar

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21
Q

Which methods is used for microscopic detection of fungi?

A

Native with KOH

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22
Q

What are the main reagents in ELISA test?

A

Antigen
Antibody
Enzymes
Chromogen
Coating buffer
washing buffer
protein stabilizers/blockers
sample

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23
Q

What are the advantages of real time PCR comparing with classical PCR?

A

Fast answer
Easy

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24
Q

Division of etiological agents according to their pathogenicity?

A

Obligate
Facultative
Apathogenic

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25
Q

Give an example of non-contagious infectious diseases:

A

Borreliosis
Lyme disease
Blue tongue

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26
Q

Describe risk-assesment in epizootology:

A

Pathogenicity
Mode of transportation
Hosts
If the pathogen is zoonotic
Mortality

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27
Q

What is the principle of ELISA test?

A

Antibody detect target antigen using specific antigen-antibody interactions.

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28
Q

What is the cytopathic effect in cell cultures?

A

Any changes of the cell after viral infection

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29
Q

In complement fixation test positive result is:

A

No hemolysis

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30
Q

What are the stages of infectious process?

A

Incubation = from time of exposure to clinical signs
Prodromal = unspecific signs of infection
Manifestation = specific clinical signs
Remission = recovery or death

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31
Q

What are objects of study in epizootology?

A

Study of diseases and how antibody and antigen work

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32
Q

Forms of infectious diseases according to clinical signs manifestation:

A

Acute < less than two days
Subacute 2-14 days
Peracute > over 14 days
Chronic is several months

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33
Q

Hyperimmune serum application is:

A

Artificial passive immunisation

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34
Q

What is basic characteristics of DNA polymerase in PCR?

A

Need a template
Add nucleotides to the 3’ end of DNA strand
Prevents denaturation of enzyme during heating step in the PCR technique

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35
Q

Half time of maternal antibodies is:

A

Period in which 50% of antibodies is declined

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36
Q

Give an example of biological immunomodulators:

A

Monoclonal antibodies
Interferons
Interleukins
Tumour necrosis factor
Colony stimulating factor

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37
Q

What are negri bodies?

A

Eosinophilic, sharply outlined, pathogenic inclusion bodies in cytoplasm of certain nerve cells

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38
Q

What media is used for cultivation for mycobacteria?

A

Blood agar
Middlebrook agar

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39
Q

Which staining method is used for microscopic detection of brucella?

A

Ziehl-Neelsen

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40
Q

What are stages of phagocytosis?

A

Chemotaxis
Adherence
Ingestion
Digestion

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41
Q

FAO is:

A

Food and agriculture organisation

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42
Q

Forms of infectious process according to quantity of agents:

A

Monoetiological
Polyetiological
Multifactorial

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43
Q

What are the grades of epizootological process?

A

Sporadic cases: occurrence in uneven and scattered manner
Enzootic: Spatial distrubidity is small (local, farm)
Epizootic: Spatial distribution is large (district, state)
Panzootic: Very large (number of countries)

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44
Q

Dogs and cats are born:

A

Hypogamaglobulinemic

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45
Q

Causative agent for oedema diseases in pigs:

A

Hemolytic E. coli

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46
Q

Susceptible species in mycobacteriosis:

A

all vertebrates including man

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47
Q

Marek disease is caused by:

A

Herpes virus

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48
Q

Swine vesicular disease is:

A

zoonotic

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49
Q

Enzootic pneumonia of swine is caused by:

A

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

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50
Q

Way of avian influenza transmission:

A

Inhalation

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51
Q

Rinderpest is caused by:

A

Morbillivirus

52
Q

Aujeszky disease is always fatal for:

A

Dogs

53
Q

Reservoirs for Leptospirosa are:

A

Rodents

54
Q

Japanese encephalitis is transmitted by:

A

Mosquitos

55
Q

Susceptible species for mycobacteriosis:

A

All vertebrates including man

56
Q

Enzootic pneumonia of swine is caused by:

A

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

57
Q

Rinderpest is caused by:

A

Morbillivirus

58
Q

Hyperimmune serum application is:

A

Artificial passive immunisation

59
Q

What is the basic characteristics of DNA polymerase in PCR:

A

Thermolability

60
Q

What is tropisms of pathogens:

A

The ability of a pathogen to infect a certain location

60
Q

Name at least three tests for cellular immunity evaluation:

A

IGRA (interferon gamma release assay)
DTH (delayed hypersensitivity)
Complete blood count
Lymphocyte proliferation assay

61
Q

What is the role of colostral immunity:

A

Protect against septicaemia and organ infection
Local protection of intestine
GIT multiplication of bacteria
Enteropathogenic E. coli first 3 days
Enteroviruses after 5 days

62
Q

Clinical signs of failure of passive transfer of immunity:

A

Profuse diarrhoea and dehydration
Respiratory or systemic infections

63
Q

PCR test is used for the detection of:

A

Genome or part of genome

64
Q

Staphylococci are Gram:

A

Positive

65
Q

Division of cell cultures according to growth potential:

A

Primary and established

66
Q

In haemagglutination inhibition test positive result is:

A

Inhibition of the blood cell agglutination ‘‘button’’

67
Q

What is the ‘‘one-health’’ concept?

A

The One Health concept recognizes the interrelatationship between animal, human and environmental health

One world - One health - One medicine

68
Q

Natural focus of the infection is limited:

A

Geographical and seasonal

69
Q

Young ruminants are born:

A

Agamaglobulinemic

70
Q

Phylogenetic tree shows:

A

In graphic form, developmental relationship between studied strains

71
Q

What is the principle of virus neutralization test?

A

Neutralization of virus by specific antibodies in the serum tested. Positive serum contains Ab that neutralize the virus and consequently the virus cannot damage the cells.

72
Q

Division of cell cultures according to the way of cultivation:

A

Monolayers and suspension

73
Q

Which medium is used for cultivation of fungi?

A

Sabourad agar

74
Q

Which staining method is used for mycobacteria?

A

Ziehl-Neelsen

75
Q

What are main reagents of PCR?

A

Primers
Enzyme
DNA sample
dNTP (deoxynucleotide triphosphate)

76
Q

Which is the gold standard for laboratory diagnosis of rabies?

A

Fluorescent antibody test

77
Q

OIE is:

A

World health organization for animal health

78
Q

What does the approach to one health mean?

A

Human health and animal health are interdependent and bound to the health of the ecosystem in which they exist

79
Q

Source of infection is:

A

Macroorganisms, in which etiological agents survives, multiplies and is excreted

80
Q

Immunofluorescence detects:

A

Antigen

81
Q

Wavelength of immunofluorescence:

A

380-750 nm

82
Q

Boya’s method is for detection of:

A

Mycobacterium

83
Q

Rabies is detected by:

A

Immunofluorescence

84
Q

Haemagglutination detects:

A

virus (Ab)

85
Q

PCR procedure:

A

Amplification of DNA

86
Q

What is real-time PCR?

A

Amplification of DNA in real time

87
Q

Blocking ELISA is used for detection of:

A

Antibodies

88
Q

Annealing temperature of PCR:

A

45-60*C

89
Q

Skin contamination is cleaned by:

A

0.5% chloramine B

90
Q

Excision of histological sample:

A

1 cm maximum

91
Q

Blastotransformation is:

A

Lymphocyte ???

92
Q

Enzyme most commonly used in ELISA:

A

Horseradish peroxidase

93
Q

Conjugation involves:

A

Ig, serum and fluorochrome

94
Q

PCR is:

A

Amplification of DNA fragments

95
Q

What is the principle of immunofluorescence?

A

To use marked antibodies of immune serum against antigen which we want to neutralize

96
Q

Define indirect transmission:

A

The passage of infectious agent between individuals through the medium of inanimate or animate objects. The period between contamination of the object and subsequent exposure of susceptible individuals is highly variable and may range from a few minutes to a few years.

97
Q

Define panzootic process:

A

A process occurring over a wide area and subsequently affecting a large proportion of the population

98
Q

Methods used in epizootology:

A

Diagnostic
Descriptive
Analytical
Statistical
Experimental
Theoretical

99
Q

Cyclozoonoses require:

A

More than one vertebrate host

100
Q

Synthetic immunomodulators are:

A

Levamizole, Isoprinosone

101
Q

WHO is:

A

World health organization

102
Q

Positive result in hemagglutination inhibition test is:

A

sedimentation of erythrocytes

103
Q

CAMP test is used for detection of:

A

Streptococcus agalactie

104
Q

For detection of antibodies we use:

A

Indirect ELISA

105
Q

PCR is used for:

A

Detection of etiological agent nucleic acid

106
Q

Define a polyvalent vaccine:

A

Contains two or more strains of the same antigen

107
Q

Triocomponental foci of infectious diseases is divided into:

A

Vector, interhostal, postinterhostal

108
Q

Eradication of infectious disease means:

A

Reduction of an infectious disease’s prevalence in the global host population to zero

109
Q

Method for diagnosis of Brucella is:

A

Rose Bengal, ELISA, serum agglutination

110
Q

Sandwich and competitive ELISA detects:

A

AntiGEN

111
Q

Ascoli test is:

A

Detection

112
Q

Blocking ELISA detects:

A

AntiBODY

113
Q

Temp for annealing of primers in PCR:

A

52*C

114
Q

Caprinization:

A

Artificially obtained a virulent population of microbes are frequently used. Method of passaging of microbes in less sensitive hosts

115
Q

Bovine leukosis is by what virus?

A

Retrovirus (Family) and delta retrovirus (genus)

116
Q

Bovine leukosis is a disorders of:

A

B lymphocytes

117
Q

Wavelength of UV light:

A

120-380 nm

118
Q

Established cell line:

A

Permanent cell sub cultured 70 times at intervals of 3 days between subculture

119
Q

In which test do we find a precipitation line?

A

AGID test

120
Q

What is lapinization?

A

Passing through several animals (Rabbits)

121
Q

Tube serum agglutination is:

A

quantitative

122
Q

Direct immunofluorescence checks for:

A

Antigen

123
Q

Indirect immunofluorescence checks for:

A

Ag and Ab

124
Q

What is surveillance?

A

Collection and analysis of data on disease occurrence. The main purpose is to detect trends, changes in distribution of disease

125
Q

Monovalent vaccine:

A

Monovalency serum contains antibodies only against one microbe

126
Q
A

Epizootology (1 decks)

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