C.R.E.D. test Flashcards
What organs make up the circulatory system?
heart, a series of blood vessels, blood
superior vena cava
large vein that brings oxygen-poor blood from the upper part of the body to the right atrium
pulmonary veins
bring oxygen-rich blood from each of the lungs to the left atrium
pulmonary valve
prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle after it has entered the pulmonary artery
tricuspid valve
prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium after it has entered the right ventricle
inferior vena cava
vein that brings oxygen-poor blood from the lower part of the body to the left atrium
aorta
brings oxygen -rich blood from the left ventricle to the body
pulmonary arteries
bring oxygen-poor blood to the right or left lung
aortic valve
prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle after it has entered the aorta
mitral valve
prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium after it has entered the left ventricle
myocardium
thick layer of muscle that pumps blood
atrium
the upper chamber that recieves blood
ventricle
the lower chamber that pumps blood out of the heart
pulmonary circuation
right side; the pathway from the heart to the lungs
systemic circulation
from the left side of the heart to the rest of the body
valves
flaps of connective tissue between the atria and the ventricles
pacemaker
cells that start the wave of muscle contractions
aorta
large blood vessel; first of a series of blood vessels that carry blood through the body and back to the heart
what are the three types of blood vessels?
arteries, capillaries, and veins
arteries
large vessels that carry blood from the heart to the tissues of the body; except for pulmonary arteries, all arteries carry oxygen rich blood
capillaries
smallest of the blood vessels; the bring nutrients and oxygen to the tissues and absorbing carbon dioxide and other waste products from them
veins
blood vessels that bring blood back to the heart once it has gone through the capillary system
atherosclerosis
condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of arteries
plasma
straw colored fluid
hemoglobin
iron-contianing protein that binds to oxygen in the lungs and transports it to tissues throughout the body where the oxygen is rleased
what do red blood cells do?
transport oxygen
what do white blood cells do?
guard against infection, fight parasites, and attack bacteria
what makes blood clotting possible?
plasma proteins and ell fragments called platelets
What is the basic function performed by the human respiratory system?
to bring about the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood, the air, and tissues
pharynx
the throat; serves as a passageway for both air and food
trachea
windpipe; air moves from the pharynx into the trachea
what makes up the respiratory system?
nose, mouth, epiglottis, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lung, bronchus, bronchioles, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, capillaries, alveoli, diaphragm, edge of pleural membrane
larynx
contains two highly elastic folds of tissue known as the vocal chords
bronchi
two large passageways that lead to the lungs
alveoli
tiny air sacs
what is the process of gas exchange?
oxygen dissolves in the moisture on the inner surface of the alveoli and then diffuses across the thin-walled capillaries into the blood. Carbon dioxide in the bloodstream diffuses in the opposite direction, across the membrane of an alveolus and into the air within it.
diaghpragm
a large, flat muscle that helps you breath
does the body sense a need for oxygen?
only when there is a lot of cabon dioxide. it only senses carbon dioxide.
nicotine
a stimulant drug that increases the heart rate and blood pressure.
what can smoking cause?
respiratoy diseases such a chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and lung cancer
emphysema
the loss of elasticity in the tissues of the lungs
what makes up the digestive system?
the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. also includes the salivary glands, the pancreas, and the liver
what is the function of the digestive system?
to help convert foods into simpler molecules that can be used by the cells of the body
amylase
an enzyme that breaks the chemical bonds in starches and releases sugars.
esophagus
a food tube that leads to the stomach
bolus
chewed clump of food
peristalis
contractions that squeeze food through the esophagus into the stomach
stomach
a large muscular sac that continues the mechanical and chemical digestion of the food
chyme
a mixture of stomach fluids and foods
small intestine
most of the chemical digestion and absorbtion of the food takes place here
pancreas
a gland that produces hormones that regulate blood sugar levels, it produces enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, it also neutrilizes stomach acid so that the enzymes can be effecive
large intestine
removes water from the undigested material that is left
how do kidneys maintain homeostasis?
they remove waste products from the blood; maintin blood pH; and regulate the water content of the blood and , therefore blood volume
kidneys
located on either side of the spinal column near the lower back
ureter
carries urine to the urinary bladder
urinary bladder
a saclike organ where urine is stored before being exreted
nephrons
a small, independent processing unit
what happens in the nephrons?
as blood enters a nephron through the arteriole, impurities are filtered out and emptied into the collecting duct. the purified blood exits the nephron through the venule.
filtration
passing a liquid or gas through a filter to remove wastes
glomerolus
a small network of capillaries encased in the upper end of nephron
bowman’s capsule
hollow, cup shaped structure
reabsorbtion
the process in which a liquid is taken back into a vessel
loop of Henle
a section of the nephron tubule in which water is conserved and the volume of urine minimized
urethra
urine is released from the body through this tube
