Creating and Reinforcing - Family

Question 1

Ann Oakley - MANIPULATION

Answer 1

*parents ENCOURAGE behaviour that is seen as NORMAL for the child’s SEX
*they DISCOURAGE behaviour that is seen as DEVIANT
** E.G - COMPLIMENT her when she DRESSES up
But SCOLDS her when she play outside and gets DIRTY

Question 2

Canalisation

Answer 2

• this involves CHANNELLING the child’s interests into TOYS and ACTIVITIES seen as NORMAL for their SEX
• *E.G - giving GIRLS ~ DOLLS - to channel their interest into HOUSEWORK

Question 3

Verbal Appellations

Answer 3

• NAMES that children are called which teach them to IDENTIFY with the APPROPRIATE GENDER
• *E.G - GOOD GIRL ~ GIRLS
  - BRAVE SOLDIER ~ BOYS

Question 4

Different Activities

Answer 4

• Children are ENCOURAGED to involve themselves in DIFFERENT ACTIVITIES
• *E.G - GIRLS ~ helping their mum with the HOUSEWORK
  - BOYS ~ given more roam to roam OUTDOORS

Question 5

Imitation

Answer 5

*Children tend to IMITATE and IDENTIFY with their same-SEX PARENT

Question 6

Clothing

Answer 6

• GENDERED clothing is an aspect that can shape a persons GENDER IDENTITY
• *E.G - DRESSES ~ GIRLS
  - TROUSERS ~ BOYS

Question 7

Walum (1977) - ‘SAME BABY’

Answer 7

*mothers shown a baby separately, BETH a 6 month old in a FRILLY DRESS and
ADAM a 6 month old in a BLUE ROMPERS
BETH described as SWEET - had a DOLL
ADAM offered a TRAIN
It was the SAME BABY - with diff NAME/CLOTHES

Question 8

Mitchell and Green (2002) - MOTHER/DAUGHTER BOND

Answer 8

*MOTHER/DAUGHTER BOND was strong in WORKING CLASS women
~ especially after their daughter had a BABY
*they wanted to be seen as GOOD, CARING mothers
*the FEMININITY of good motherhood passed on from their MOTHERS
*identity shaped by their CLASS position and where they LIVED

Question 9

Archer (2003) - MUSLIM BOYS

Answer 9

• FAMILY was pivotal IMPORTANCE
• MUSLIM BOYS- has RESPECT for their family
• GENDER IDENTITY - was linked with HETEROSEXUALISM
• ROLE of MOTHERS - emotional and NURTURING
• ROLE of FATHERS - economical PROVIDER
• they DIDNT fit into 1 type of MASCULINITY
• they negotiated a RANGE of MASCULINiTIES
• they described Muslim GIRLS as WEAK and PASSIVE

Question 10

Frosh et al (2002) - BOYS Describing MOTHERS and FATHERS

Answer 10

*boys described mothers as:
  ~ more SENSITIVE
  ~ EMOTIONALLY closer to them
*described fathers as:
 ~ more DISTANT
 ~ DETACHED

Question 11

Charles (2002) - family 21st Century

Answer 11

*FAMILY life still GENDERED in the 21st century
~ men - PROVIDERS
~ women - CARERS