Crash Course Key Terms- Europe in Transition, 1450-1650

Question 1

the scholarly interest in the study of the classical texts, values, and styles of Greece and Rome

Answer 1

humanism

Question 2

a branch of humanism associated with northern Europe; sought to give humanism a specifically Christian context

Answer 2

christian humanism

Question 3

the everyday language of a region or country

Answer 3

vernaculat

Question 4

European monarchs who created professional armies and a more centralized administrative bureaucracy.

Ex. Charles VII, Louis XI, Henry VII, Ferdinand & Isabella

Answer 4

New Monarchs

Question 5

a direct tax on the French peasantry; one of the most important sources of income for French monarchs until the French Revolution

Answer 5

taille

Question 6

the centuries-long Christian “reconquest” of Spain from the Muslims; culminated in 1492 with the conquest of the last Muslim stronghold, Granada

Answer 6

Reconquista

Question 7

a certificate granted by the pope in return for the payment of a fee to the church; stated that the soul of the dead relative or friend of the purchaser would have his time in purgatory reduced by many years or cancelled altogether

Answer 7

indulgence

Question 8

Protestants who insisted that only adult baptism conformed to Scripture; Protestant and Catholic leaders condemned them for advocating the complete separation of church and state

Answer 8

anabaptists

Question 9

doctrine espoused by John Calvin that God has known since the beginning of time who will be saved and who will be damned

Answer 9

predestination

Question 10

French Protestants who followed the teachings of John Calvin

Answer 10

huguenots

Question 11

rulers who put political necessities above personal beliefs

Answer 11

politiques

Question 12

the interchange of plants, animals, diseases, and human populations between the Old World and the New World

Answer 12

Colombian Exchange

Question 13

economic philosophy calling for close government regulation of the economy; emphasized building a strong, self-sufficient economy by maximizing exports and limiting imports; supported the acquisition of colonies as sources of raw materials and markets for finished goods

Answer 13

mercantilism

Question 14

a pre-industrial manufacturing system in which an entrepreneur would bring materials to rural people who worked on them in their own homes

Answer 14

putting-out system

Question 15

a business arrangement in which many investors raise money for a venture too large for any of them to undertake alone, they share the profits in proportion to the amount they invest; used by English entrepreneurs to finance the establishment of New World colonies

Answer 15

joint-stock company