CRANIOFACIAL Flashcards
what are the views for skull
30 degree Townes
15 degree caldwell
lateral
what are the views for sinuses
waters
caldwell
lateral
what are the views for facial bones
caldwell
waters
reverse waters
lateral
what are the views for orbits
caldwell
reverse waters
lateral
fb (modified waters and lateral
what are the views for nasal bones
PA waters
lateral
what are the views for zygomatic arches
PA waters
tangential
townes
SMV
what are the views for mandible
PA
AP
Townes
axiolateral
axiolateral obliques
pa axial
what are the views for TMJ
modified townes
axiolateral open and closed mouth
SKULL TOWNES
- centering
- angle
- positioning lines
CR 2.5” above globella (hairline)
- 30 degrees caudal for OML
-37 degrees caudal for IOML
AP
SKULL CALDWELL
- centering
- angle
- positioining lines
CR exits at nasion
- 15 degrees caudal
- OML perpendicular to floor
PA
SKULL LATERAL
- centering
- angle
- positioning lines
- CR 2 inches above EAM
- IOML and IPL perpendicular to floor
- no angle straight beam
SINUSES WATERS
- centering
- angle
-positioning lines
- CR exits at acanthion
- No angle
- MML perpendicuar to IR
PA
what sinuses are best visualized in waters
frontal and maxillary
SINUSES CALDWELL
- angle
-centering
positioning lines
- CR exits at nasion
- OML 15 degrees up from parallel to floor
no angle
Where do the petrous ridges sit in caldwell sinues
In lower 1/3 of orbits
where to petrous ridges dit in waters sinuses
below maxillary sinuses
what sinus is best visaulized in caldwell projection
ethmoid and frontal
SINUSES LATERAL
- angle
- centering
-positioning lines
- no angle
- center mid way between EAM and outer canthus
- IOML and IPL perpendicaulr to IR
What sinuses should be seen in lateral view
Ethmoid
sphenoid
frontal
maxillary
what should be superimposed for lateral sinuses
ramus of mandible and sphenoid wings
FACIAL BONES CALDWELL
- angle
- centering
- positioning lines
- 15 degree caudal
- CR exiting at nasion
- OML perpendicualr to board
where to petrous ridges sit for caldwell facial bones
lower 1/3 of orbit
if ROI is orbital floors what angle is used for caldwell facial bones
30 degrees to put ridges below maxillary sinuses
FACIAL BONES WATERS
- angle
- centering
- positioning lines
- no angle
- MML perpendicualr to board (drowning)
- OML forms a 37 degree angle with IR
- CR exits at acanthion
FACIAL BONES REVERSE WATERS
- angle
what is the difference
done AP in trauma cases
- angle so that MML and CR match
center to acanthion
FACIAL BONES LATERAL
- angle
-positioning lines
- centering
no angle
- IOML and IPL perpendicular to IR
centering midway between EAM and outer canthus
ORBTIS (PA axial)
- angle
- positioning lines
- centering
- 30 degrees caudal
- OML perpendicualr to IR
centering mid orbit - want ridges out of orbits
ORBITS REVERSE WATERS
- angle
centering
positioning lines
- angle so that LML is and CR match
- centering bid orbit
- LML perpendicualr to IR with angle if cannot move neck
ORBITS FB MODIFIED WATERS
- angle
- centering
-positioning lines
- no angle
- mid orbits centering
- LML perpendicular to IR
- want ridges out of orbits
LATERAL ORBITS (FB AND REGULAR)
- angle
-centering
-positioning lines
- no angle
-center at outer canthus - IOML and IPL perpendicular to IR
- want back to EAM
NASAL BONES WATERS
- angle
- centering
- positioning lines
- no angle
- MML perpendicualr to IR
- CR exits mid nasal boenes
LATERAL NASAL BONES
- angle
- centering
- positioning lines
- no angle
- centering mid nose on nose 0.5” below nation
- IOML and IPL perpendicualr to IR
ZYGOMATIC ARCHES WATERS
- angle
- centering
- positioning lines
- NO angle
- MML perpendicualr to IR
- similar to facial bones
- CR exits at acanthion
ridges below max sinuses
ZYGOMATIC ARCHES TANGENTIAL
- angle
- centering
- positioning lines
Think what scott taught you
- no angle
- neck hyper extended back
- IOML parallel to IR
- rotate head 15 degrees towards side imaging
- tilt chin 15 degrees towards side to be examined
- want zygos free of superimposition of mandivle and parietal bones
ZYGOMATIC ARCHES townes (modified)
- angle
- centering
- positioning lines
- OML perpendicalr to IR
- 30 degree caudad angle
- bilat zygos
- CR 1 inch above nasion
ZYGOMATIC ARCHES SMV
- angle
- centering
- positioning lines
- Think erins way
- IOML parallel to IR
- hyperextended neck
BILAT - CR 1.5” below tip of chin
symmetric
mandibualr symph and frontal bone superimposed
MANDIBLE (MODIFEID TOWNES)
- angle
- centering
- positioning lines
- OML perpendicular to IR
- 35 degree angle
- CR 1 inch superior to globella
AP
MANDIBLE PA axial
- angle
- centering
- positioning lines
- OML perpendicular to IR
- 20-25 degree cephalad angle
- CR exit at acanthion
- best visualized proximal rami and elongates condyloid process
PA AXIAL MANDIBLE BEST DEMONSTRATES
PROXIMAL RAMI AND ELONGATES CONYLOID PROCESS
PA MANDIBLE
- angle
- centering
- positioning lines
- OML PERPINDICULAR TO IR
- NO ANGLE
- CR EXITS AT JUNTION OF LIPS
AP MANDIBLE
- OML PERPENDICULAR TO IR
- NO ANGLE
-EXITS AT LIP JUNTION
AXIOLATEAL MANDIBLE
- WHAT IS THE POSITION OF THE HEAD
- CR POINT
- HEAD SLIGHTLY AWAY FROM IR
- HEAD IN TRUE LATERAL POSITION
- THEN LET HEAD FALL IN 15 DEGREES TO TOUCH IR
- CR EXITS MID MANDIBLE AND INCLUDE TMJ
WHEN IS THE RAMUS BEST DEMONSTRATED
TRUE LATERAL MANDIBLE
WHEN IS A GENERAL SURVEY BEST DEMONSTRATED
10-15 DEGREE AXIOLATERAL
30 DEGREE ROTATION AXIOLATERAL OBL BEST DEMONSTRATES…
THE BODY OF MANDIBLE
45 DEGREE ROTATION ACIOLATERAL OBL MANDIBLE BEST DEMONSTRATES
MENTUM
GENERAL TUBE ANGLE RULE FOR MANDIBLE
DONT HAVE TO ANGLE TUBE IF LET HEAD FALL IN 25 DEGREES INTO THE BOARD
AXIOLATERAL OBL MANDIBLE
- angle
- positioning
- centering
- no anlge
- 30 degree nose turn for body
- 45 degree nose turn for mentum
-25 degree head tilt
all from true lateral - IOML and IPL perpendicular
TMJ modified towns
- angle
- positioning
- centering
- 35 degree caudad
- OML perpendicualr to IR
-CR 3” superior to nasion - think right at TMJ joint
TMJ AXIOLATERAL OPEN AND CLOSED MOUTH
- SCHULLERS METHOD
- ANGLE
- POSITIONING
-CENTERING
- Put head in true lateral position
- IOML perpendicular to IR
- IPL PERPENDICULAR TO IR
- CR angled 25-30 degrees caudad
- CR 1/2” infront and 2” below EAM
