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NMS I > Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Cranial Nerves Flashcards

0
Q

Why do you not use ammonia to test for olfaction?

A

it can be recognized by nasal epithelium and does not require an intact olfactory pathway.

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1
Q

cranial nerve nuclei are found mainly where?

A

at the level of the brainstem

sensory nuclei develop within the dorsal/alar plate (of neuro tube), motor nuclei develop within the basal plate

in the hindbrain, the alar plate lies lateral to the basal plate in the floor of the 4th ventricle

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2
Q

Is CN I a peripheral nerve?

A

not really. its a central nervous system tract terminating in the olfactory bulb

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3
Q

How do you perceive a particular smell?

A

true olfactory nerves (second order ganglion nerve cells) terminate in the mucous membrane that lines the nasal cavity. to perceive a smell, molecules must dissolve into the mucous overlying the cribriform plate and supply chemical stimulation to the nerve endings at that location.

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4
Q

anosmia

A

complete loss of smell
usually not indicative of a cortical lesion, but mainly associated with viral infections, allergic rhinitis, aging, or head trauma, rhinorrhea (CSF drainage), and backwash meningitis

sense of smell may return eventually

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5
Q

lesion of what gyrus can cause hallucinations of smell?

A

lesion of the uncinate gyrus of the anterior temporal lobe
hallucinations of smell can be associated with deja vu

termed uncinate fits or seizures

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6
Q

hyposmia

A

decreased sense of smell

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7
Q

hyperosmia

A

increased sense of smell

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8
Q

parosmia

A

perversion of smell

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9
Q

cacosmia

A

abnormally disagreeable smell

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10
Q

anosmia in both nostrils

A

common causes: blocked nasal passage, common cold (MC), trauma, and a relative loss with normal aging.

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11
Q

Is CN I a true nerve?

A

No, its a fiber tract of the brain.

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12
Q

Is CN II a true nerve?

A

no, it is a fiber tract of the brain

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13
Q

Meyers loop?

A

fan-like radiating portion of optic nerve that curves around the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle

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14
Q

geniculocalcarine tract?

A

contains 4th order neurons of optic tract from the LGN and passes to the occipital (calcarine) cortex

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15
Q

Central connections of optic nerve

A
  1. from pretectal region –> Edinger westphal nucleus via posterior commisure
  2. from superior colliculi –> other cranial and spinal nuclei via tectobulbar and tectospinal tracts
  3. from occipital cortex–> other cortical and subcortical areas
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16
Q

Pretectal area of CN II

A

simple and consensual light reflexes

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17
Q

connections from superior colliculi from CN II

A

involuntary musculoskeletal refexes

reflex movements of the eye and head after optic stimulation

18
Q

genniculocalcarine tract (from LGN) from CN II

A

visual perception

19
Q

through the tectobulbar and tectospinal tracts of CN II

A

through cranial and spinal nuclei–> involuntary reflexes (ex. accomodation)

through pontine nuclei–> corticopontine tract–> postural reflexes

20
Q

macula

A

retinal area of central vision

21
Q

fovea centralis

A

small central pit composed of closely packed cones, where vision is sharpest and color discrimination most acute.

22
Q

rods and cones of retina react specifically to what?

A

physical light

23
Q

Cones are responsible for what?

A

sharp vision and color discrimination

24
Q

rods are responsible for what?

A

low intensity light vision and night vision

25
Q

retrobulbar neuritis

A

lesion of optic nerve or tract

MC cause is multiple sclerosis

26
Q

optic or bulbar neuritis

A

lesion which includes various forms of retinitis

27
Q

papilledema (AKA “choked disc”)

A

commonly seen symptom of increased intracranial pressure due to brain tumors, abscesses, hemorrhage, hypertension, and other causes

28
Q

optic atrophy

A

decreased visual acuity and change in color of optic dis to light pink, white, or gray

29
Q

primary optic atropy

A

caused by processes that involve the optic nerve and do not produce papilledema

30
Q

secondary optic atrophy

A

a sequal of papilledema

31
Q

primary (simple) optic atrophy

A

may be due to tabes dorsalis, multiple sclerosis, or hereditary

32
Q

secondary optic atrophy

A

may be due to neuritis, glaucoma, or increased intracranial pressure

33
Q

Foster Kennedy Syndrome

A

may be caused by tumors at the base of the frontal lobe and is characterized by ipsilateral blindness and anosmia (with atrophy of optic and olfactory nerve) and contralateral papilledema

34
Q

amaurotic familial idiocy (AKA Tay-Sachs disease)

A

cerebromacular degeneration with severe mental deficiency occurring in Jewish families and is associated with blindness, optic atrophy, and dark cherry red spot in place of the macula lutea

35
Q

Argyll Robertson pupil

A

reacts only to accommodation
neither a direct or indirect reaction to light
occurs mostly as a diabetic complication

36
Q

Holmes-Adie Syndrome

A

tonic pupillary reaction and the absence of one or more tendon reflexes. pupil is said to be “myotonic”, with a very slow, almost imperceptible contraction to light and in near vision, a slower dilation upon removal of the stimuli.

People with this syndrome have an abnormal sensitivity to weak solution (~25% methacholine): instilled into the conjunctival sac is demonstrable in affected eyes; tonic pupils constrict, whereas pupils of normal eyes remain unaffected (ADLER-SCHEIE TEST)

37
Q

heterotropia

A

deviation of bilateral eye alignment

38
Q

Exotropia

A

deviation of eyes outward/lateral

39
Q

Esotropia

A

deviation of eyes inward/medial

40
Q

hypertropia

A

deviation of eyes upward

41
Q

hypotropia

A

deviation of eyes downward

42
Q

yoked movement

A

the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) primary function is to coordinate eye movements by interconnecting the nuclei of CN III, IV, and VI

NMS I (1 decks)

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