Cranial nerves Flashcards by Pancho Valera

Trigeminal Nerve Sensory Nuclei

Spinal trigeminal
Principal sensory
Mesencephalic

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Located in the medulla

Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus

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Receives information about deep/crude touch, pain and temperature from the ipsilateral face

Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus

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CNs VII, IX and X also convey pain information from their areas to the ____

Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus

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A group of second order neurons which have cell bodies in the caudal pons

Principal Sensory Nucleus

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Receives information about discriminative sensation and light touch of the face as well as conscious propioception of the jaw via first order neurons

Principal Sensory Nucleus

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Most of the sensory information crosses the midline and travels to the contralateral ventral posteriomedial (VPM) nucleus of the thalamus via the ventral trigeminothalamic tract

Principal Sensory Nucleus

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Information from the oral cavity travels to the ipsilateral ventral posteriomedial (VPM) nucleus of the thalamus via the dorsalal trigeminothalamic tract

Principal Sensory Nucleus

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Involved with propioception of the face, that is, the feeling of position of the muscles

Mesencephalic Nucleus

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Unlike many nuclei within the CNS, this nucleus contains no chemical synapses but are electrically coupled

Mesencephalic Nucleus

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Neurons of this nucleus are pseudounipolar cells receiving propioceptive information from the mandible, and sending projections to the motor trigeminal nucleus to mediate monosynaptic jaw jerk reflexes

Mesencephalic Nucleus

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The only structure in the CNS to contain the cell bodies of a primary afferent, which are usually contained within ganglia

Mesencephalic Nucleus

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Located in the mid-pons

Trigeminal Motor Nucleus

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Contains motor neurons that innervate muscles of the first branchial arch, namely the muscles of mastication, the tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini, mylohyoid, and anterior belly of the digastric

Trigeminal Motor Nucleus

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Muscles of mastication

masseter
temporalis
medial pterygoid
lateral pterygoid

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Other muscles of mastication

Tensor veli palatini
mylohyoid
anterior belly of digastric
tensor tympani

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Controls the muscles of facial expression

Facial Nerve

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Conveys taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and oral cavity

Facial Nerve

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Supplies preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to several head and neck ganglia

Facial Nerve

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arises from the facial nerve nucleus in the pons

motor part of the facial nerve

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the sensory and parasympathetic parts of the facial nerve arise from the ___

nervus intermedius

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Forms the geniculate ganglion prior to entering the facial canal

Facial Nerve

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Facial Nerve Intracranial Branches

Greater petrosal nerve
Nerve to stapedius
Chorda tympani
Intrapetrous facial

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provides parasympathetic innervation to several glands, including the nasal, palatine, lacrimal and pharyngeal glands

Greater petrosal nerve

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also provides parasympathetic innervation to the sphenoid, frontal, maxillary and ethmoid sinuses as well as the nasal cavity

Greater petrosal nerve

Innervates: Submandibular gland Sublingual gland Special sensory taste fibers for the anterior 2/3 of the tongue.

Chorda tympani

provides motor innervation for stapedius muscle in middle ear

Nerve to stapedius

Distal to stylomastoid foramen, the following nerves branch off the facial nerve:

1. Posterior auricular nerve 2. Branch to posterior belly of digastric as well as the stylohyoid muscles 3. Five major facial branches (in parotid gland)

controls movements of some of the scalp muscles around the ear

Posterior auricular nerve

Five major facial branches

1. temporal 2. zygomatic 3. buccal 4. marginal mandibular 5. cervical

Mixed motor and sensory but mostly sensory

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

Aids in tasting, swallowing and salivary secretions. Its superior and inferior (petrous) ganglia contain the cell bodies of pain fibers

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

Projects into many different structures in the brainstem

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

Glossopharyngeal Nerve Brainstem Connections

1. Solitary nucleus 2. Spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve 3. Lateral nucleus of ala cinerea 4. Nucleus ambiguus 5. Inferior salivatory nucleus

taste from the posterior one-third of the tongue and information from carotid baroreceptors and carotid body chemoreceptors

Solitary nucleus

somatic sensory fibers from the middle ear

Spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve

visceral pain

Lateral nucleus of ala cinerea

the lower motor neurons for the stylopharyngeus muscle

Nucleus ambiguus

parasympathetic input to the parotid and mucus glands

Inferior salivatory nucleus

Glossopharyngeal Nerve Branches

1. Tympanic 2. Stylopharyngeal 3. Tonsillar 4. Nerve to carotid sinus 5. Branches to the posterior third of the tongue 6. Lingual branches 7. A communicating branch to the Vagus Nerve

runs posterior to the common carotid artery and internal jugular vein inside the carotid sheath

Vagus Nerve

Vagus Nerve includes axons which emerge from or converge onto four nuclei of the medulla:

1. Dorsal nucleus of vagus 2. Nucleus ambiguus 3. Solitary nucleus 4. Spinal trigeminal nucleus

sends parasympathetic output to the viscera, especially the intestines

Dorsal nucleus of vagus

gives rise to the branchial efferent motor fibers of the vagus nerve and preganglionic parasympathetic neurons that innervate the heart

Nucleus ambiguus

receives afferent taste information and primary afferents from visceral organs

Solitary nucleus

receives information about deep/crude touch, pain, and temperature of the outer ear, the dura of the posterior cranial fossa and the mucosa of the larynx

Spinal trigeminal nucleus

Contributes to visceral innervation

Vagus Nerve

Also conveys sensory information about the state of the body's organs to the CNS

Vagus Nerve

% of the nerve fibers in the vagus nerve are afferent nerves communicating the state of the viscera to the brain

80-90

Vagus Nerve Innervations part 1

1. Auricular nerve 2. Pharyngeal nerve 3. Superior laryngeal nerve 4. Superior cervical cardiac branches of vagus nerve 5. Inferior cervical cardiac branch 6. Recurrent laryngeal nerve

Vagus Nerve Innervations part 2

1. Thoracic cardiac branches 2. Branches to the pulmonary plexus 3. Branches to the esophageal plexus 4. Anterior vagal trunk 5. Posterior vagal trunk 6. Hering-Breuer reflex in alveoli

Provides motor innervation from the CNS to two muscles of the neck: the sternocleidomastoid and the trapezius muscles

Accessory Nerve

tilts and rotates the head

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

elevates shoulder and adducts the scapula

Trapezius

Supplies motor fibres to all of the muscles of the tongue, except the palatoglossus muscle

Hypoglossal Nerve

If afferent

somatic (touch/pain/temperature/propioception) or special (special senses)

If efferent

visceral (internal organs) or somatic (skeletal muscles)

Smell

I Olfactory

Vision

II Optic

Eye movements other than those mediated by IV & VI. Elevation of upper eyelid

III Oculomotor

Constriction of pupil (ciliary ganglion)

III Oculomotor

Certain downward eye movements

IV Trochlear

Muscles that open and close the mouth; tensor tympani muscle of middle ear

V Trigeminal

Skin of face; mouth, teeth, nose, sinuses, dura mater of anterior and middle fossa

V Trigeminal

Abduction of eye

VI Abducens

Muscles of face; stapedius muscle of middle ear

VII Facial

Lacrimal and nasal glands (pterygopalatine ganglion); sublingual & submandibular salivary glands (submandibular ganglion)

VII Facial

Part of external ear and tympanic membrane

VII Facial

Taste: palate & anterior two thirds of tongue

VII Facial

Equilibration | Hearing

VIII Vestibulocochlear: Vestibular Cochlear

Stylopharyngeus muscle

IX Glossopharyngeal

Parotid gland (otic ganglion)

IX Glossopharyngeal

Pharynx, middle ear, posterior third of tongue

IX Glossopharyngeal

Taste: posterior third of tongue

IX Glossopharyngeal

Muscles of larynx & pharynx

X Vagus

Slows heart (cardiac ganglia); increases gastric acid secretion and empties stomach (enteric nervous system)

X Vagus

Larynx, trachea, oesophagus, dura of posterior fossa; part of external ear and tympanic membrane

X Vagus

Taste: epiglottis

X Vagus

Trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles

XI Accessory³ (Spinal component)

Muscles that move the tongue

XII Hypoglossal

Cranial nerves Flashcards

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