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Neuroanatomy > Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Cause of Bilateral Anosmia

A

due to disease of the olfactory mucus membrane. (Common cold, allergic rhinitis, etc.)

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2
Q

Cause of Unilateral Anosmia

A

Due to disease affecting olfactory nerves, bulbs, or tract.

(Fractures of the anterior cranial fossa involving the cribriform plate could tear the olfactory nerves, cerebral tumors of the frontal lobe, or meningiomas of the anterior cranial fossa could compress the olfactory bulb or tract)

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3
Q

Visual Defect in Optic Nerve Lesion

A

Ipsilateral Blindness

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4
Q

Binasal Hemianopia

A

Optic chiasm lesion
bilateral lateral compression

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5
Q

Bitemporal Hemianopia

A

Midsaggital transection/ pressure

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6
Q

Right Hemianopia

A

Optic tract (left) lesion

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7
Q

Right upper quadrantanopia

A

Optic Radiation (left)
Lower-division

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8
Q

Right lower quadrantonopia

A

Optic radiation (left) lesion
lower division

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9
Q

Right lower quadrantanopia

A

Optic Radiation (left) lesion
Upper division

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10
Q

Right hemianopia with macular sparing

A

Optic radiation (left)
Both divisions

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11
Q

Effects of lesions of the oculomotor nerve

A

Complete ptosis
Paralysis od upward, downward, and medial movements
Lateral deviation of the eye (External strabismus)
Diplopia
Dilatation of pupil
Loss of accommodation and light reflexes

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12
Q

Lesions of the trochlear nerve

A

Impaired downward movement with eye adducted
Diplopia on looking down (walking downstairs, reading books etc.)

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13
Q

Effect of lesions of the Ophthalmic nerve (V1)

A

Loss of pain, touch, and temperature sensation in area supplies
Loss of corneal reflex
Trophic changes in the cornea

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14
Q

Effect of lesions of the Maxillary nerve (V2)

A

Loss of pain, touch, and temperature sensation in the area supplied

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15
Q

Effect of lesions Mandibular nerve (V3)

A

Loss of pain, touch, and temperature sensation in the area supplied
Loss of contraction of muscles of mastication

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16
Q

Effects of lesions of the Abducens Nerve

A

Inability to move the eye outward
Medial deviation of eye (Internal strabismus – squint)
Diplopia

17
Q

Facial Nerve lesions.

A

Upper motor neuron lesion → Contralateral lower part of the face paralyzed
Lower motor neuron lesion → Ipsilateral upper & lower parts of the face paralyzed

18
Q

UMN lesion of the facial nerve.

A

Ability to wrinkle forehead on both sides
The angle of the mouth will sag & unable to expose teeth fully on the affected side
Contralateral loss of nasolabial fold
Emotional expressions are preserved
The corneal reflex is present
Can close the eye

19
Q

LMN Lesion of the facial nerve

A

Inability to wrinkle the forehead on the ipsilateral side
The angle of the mouth will sag & unable to expose teeth fully on the affected side.
Ipsilateral loss of nasolabial fold
Inability to whistle
Emotional expressions are lost
Ipsilateral corneal reflex is absent
The lower eyelid will droop & tears will overflow. Unable to close the eye.
Hyperacusis, loss of taste sensation over the anterior 2/3rd of the tongue can occur (depending on the site of the lesion)

20
Q

Describe Bell’s Palsy

A

Dysfunction of the facial nerve as it lies within the facial canal
Usually, unilateral
Produces an LMN type of facial paralysis

21
Q

Effect of lesion of the vestibular part of the CNVIII

A

Vertigo (due to disease of the labyrinth such as Meniere disease)
Nystagmus

22
Q

Effect of lesion of the Cochlear part of the CNVIII

A

Deafness
Only bilateral temporal lobe lesions cause deafness
Tinnitus

23
Q

Effect of lesions of the Glossopharyngeal nerve

A

Unilateral lesions of the Vagus will show little or no gag reflex on the same side
Hoarseness or absence of voice
Lesions involved in the posterior cranial fossa commonly involve the glossopharyngeal, Vagus, hypoglossal nerves as well

24
Q

Lesions of the Accessory Nerve

A

Lesions of the spinal part of the accessory nerve will result in paralysis of the sternocleidomastoid & trapezius
Sternocleidomastoid muscle will atrophy causing weakness in turning the head to the opposite side.
The trapezius will atrophy causing the shoulder to droop on the side as well as weakness & difficulty in raising the arm above the horizontal

25
Q

Lesions of the Hypoglossal nerve (XII)

A

In a lower motor neuron lesion – the tongue deviated to the paralyzed side
On protrusion, the tongue will deviate to the side opposite the lesion
Tongue muscle atrophy, fasciculation

26
Q

What is the accommodation reflex?

A

Retina → Optic nerve → Optic chiasma → Optic tract → Lateral geniculate body → Optic radiation → Visual cortex → Frontal eye field → Edinger Westphal nucleus & main motor nucleus of oculomotor nerve → Contraction of medial rectus (Motor fibres) & contraction of ciliary muscles, constrictor pupillae (parasympathetic fibres through ciliary ganglion)

27
Q

What is the afferent and efferent of the accommodation reflex

A

Afferent → Optic nerve
Efferent → Oculomotor nerve

28
Q

What is the Light Reflex?

A

Retina → Optic nerve → Optic chiasma → Optic tract → Pretectal nucleus → Edinger Westphal nucleus → Oculomotor nerve → Ciliary nerve → Short ciliary nerves → Contraction of constrictor pupillae

29
Q

What is the afferent and efferent of the light reflex?

A

Afferent → Optic nerve
Efferent → Oculomotor nerve

30
Q

What is the afferent and efferent of the corneal reflex?

A

Afferent → Nasociliary branch of the ophthalmic division of Trigeminal nerve
Efferent → Facial nerve (To orbicularis oculi)

31
Q

What is the afferent and efferent of the Jaw Jerk reflex?

A

Afferent → Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve
Efferent → Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve (To masseter, temporalis)

32
Q

What is the afferent and efferent of the Gas reflex?

A

Afferent → Glossopharyngeal nerve
Efferent → Vagus nerve

Neuroanatomy (6 decks)

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