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Semester 1 Finals > Cranial > Flashcards

Cranial Flashcards

1
Q

auricle

A

aka pinna

  • collects sound
  • help in sound localization
  • most efficient in directing high frequency sounds to the eardrum
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2
Q

external auditory canal

A
  • “S” - shaped
  • lined with cerumen glands
  • outer 1/3 = cartilage; inner 2/3 = mastoid bone
  • increases sound pressure at tympanic membrane by 5-6 dB (due to resonance)
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3
Q

mastoid process

A
  • bone ridge behind the auricle
  • provides support to the external ear and posterior wall of the middle ear cavity
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4
Q

tympanic membrane

A
  • thin membrane
  • forms boundary between outer and middle ear
  • vibrates in response to sound
  • converts acoustical energy –> mechanical energy
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5
Q

ossicular chain

A

malleus, incus, stapes

  • smallest bones in the body
  • act as a lever system
  • footplate of stapes enters oval window of cochlea
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6
Q

eustachian tube

A
  • lined with mucus membrane
  • connects middle ear to back of the throat (nasopharynx)
  • equalizes air pressure
  • normally closed except during yawning or swallowing
  • not part of the hearing process
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7
Q

stapedius muscle

A

CONCERT

  • connects the stapes of the middle ear wall
  • contracts in response to loud sounds AKA acoustic reflex

tries to protect hearing from loud sounds

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8
Q

cochlea

A
  • snail-shaped organ with a series of fluid-filled tunnels
  • converts mechanical energy –> electrical energy
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9
Q

oval window

A
  • located at the footplate of the stapes
  • footplate vibrates –> cochlear fluid is set into motion
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10
Q

round window

A
  • functions as the pressure relief port for the fluid
  • set into motion initially by the movement of the stapes in the oval window
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11
Q

organ of Corti

A
  • the end organ of hearing
  • contains stereocilia and hair cells
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12
Q

hair cells

A

frequency specific
- high-pitch sounds = base of cochlea
- low-pitch sounds = apex of cochlea

when the basilar membranes moves, a shearing action between the tectorial membrane and the organ of Corti causes hair cells to bend

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13
Q

vestibular system

A
  • consists of 3 semi-circular canals
  • shares fluid with the cochlea
  • controls balance
  • no part in hearing
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14
Q

central auditory system

A

8th cranial nerve AKA auditory nerve = carries signals from cochlea to brain (temporal lobe/auditory cortex)
- fibers of the auditory nerve are present in the hair cells of the inner ear

Auditory cortex = temporal lobe of the brain where sound is perceived and analyzed

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15
Q

pathway of how sound travels through the ear

A

acoustic energy (sound waves) channeled in ear via pinna –> strike TM –> vibration of TM –> acoustic converted to mechanical energy –> malleus sets ossicles in motion (amplify sound) –> stapes moves in and our of oval window of cochlea in a fluid motion –> fluid movement –> membranes in organ of corti to shear against hair cells –> mechanical converted to electrical energy –> auditory nerve –> brain for interpretation

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16
Q

3 salivary glands

A
  1. parotid
  2. submandibular
  3. sublingual
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17
Q

parotid gland

A
  • largest of salivary glands
  • wrapped around the mandibular ramus
  • secretes saliva through Stenson’s duct
  • mastification and swallowing
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18
Q

innervation of the parotid gland

A

Sympathetic: originates from superior cervical ganglion
- travels along internal carotid artery + branches

Parasympathetic: originates in the inferior salivatory nucleus
- leaves via tympanic nerve synpases in otic ganglion –> form auriclotemporal nerve –> parotid

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19
Q

vasculature of the parotid gland

A
  1. external carotid
  2. external/internal branches of the jugular veins drain

lymphatics: pre-auricular

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20
Q

secretion of the parotid gland

A

First step in digestion = alpha-amylase secretions (starches)
- breaks down amylose and amylopectin (hydrolyze 1,4 bonds)

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21
Q

TMJ

A

located in the front of the ear where the skull and lower jaw meet

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22
Q

oral cavity

A
  1. mouth: O’s whatever that means
  2. lips: vermillion border
  3. gums: fibrous tissue
  4. teeth
  5. hard palate
  6. soft palate
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23
Q

external nose

A

skin: thin to thicker - sebaceous glands

lining: squamous epithelium in vestibule transitions to pseudostratified ciliated columnar respiratory epithelium with seromucous membrane

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24
Q

nasal muscles

A

elevators: proceris, levator labii, superioris alaque nasi

depressors: alar nasaris, depressor septi nasi

compressor: transverse consalis

dilator: dilator naris posterior and anterior

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25
Q

external nasal blood supply

A

artery: facial
- sellar and dorsal areas (int. maxillary - infraorbital and opthalmic)

veins: same

lymphatics: superior mucosa (posterior to retropharyngeal and anterior to upper deep cervical and submandibular)

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26
Q

internal nasal blood supply

A
  • Kiesselbach plexus: ant 1/3 septum
  • sphenopalatine: post inf
  • ethmoid: ant and post-superior
  • sup labial artery: ant
  • greater palatine: post
  • veins: direct communication with cavernous sinus- no valves
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27
Q

nasal nerve

A

sensory: trigeminal
v1: opthalmic
v2: maxillary
v3: mandible
parasymp: greater superficial petrosal- branch of facial nerve (7)

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28
Q

sinuses

A

maxillary: 1 each cheek
frontal: 1 each side forehead
ethmoid: 6-12 between eyes
sphenoid: 1 each side behind ethmoid

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29
Q

orbital bones

A

frontal
lacrimal
ethmoid
zygomatic
sphenoid
maxillary
palatine

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30
Q

skull

A

frontal bone
parietal bone
temporal bone
greater wing of sphenoid

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31
Q

cranial bones

A

frontal
parietal (2)
temporal (2)
sphenoid
ethmoid
occipital

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32
Q

facial bones

A

lacrimal (2)
mandible
maxilla (2)
nasal (2)
palatine (2)
vomer
zygomatic (2)
inferior nasal conchae (2)

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33
Q

cranial sutures

A

coronal: parietal and frontal
squamous: parietal and temporal
lamboid: parietal and occipital
occipitomasoid
sagittal: between parietal bones

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34
Q

spinal nerves

A

motor: anterior/ ventral roots
sensory: posterior/ dorsal roots

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35
Q

white matter

A
  • myelinated axons, allow for nerve impulses to travel between neurons (gray matter)
  • bulk of deep parts of the brain, superficial parts of the spinal cord
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36
Q

grey matter

A
  • nerve cell bodies, glial cells (astroglia/ oligodendrocytes), capillaries, and axons/ dendrites
  • unmyelinated
  • color from capillary blood vessels and neuronal cell bodies
    route sensory or motor stimulus to interneurons of the cns
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37
Q

Motor

A

corticospinal tract: voluntary
extra- pyramidal consists of basal ganglia
rubrospinal and reticulospinal tracts provide smoothing of muscle activity

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38
Q

UMN

A
  • formed from corticospinal tract fibers
  • synapse with LMN in ant horn of spinal cord
  • motor root leaves cord anteriorly to join sensory root and become spinal nerve
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39
Q

UMN vs LMN

A

UMN: no atrophy, no fasciculations, spasticity, DTRs increased, contractures, EMG normal
LMN: atrophy, fasciculations, flaccidity, DTRS decreased or absent, no contractures, EMG denervation

40
Q

telencephalon (cerebrum)

A
  • limbic
  • cerebral cortex
  • basal ganglia
  • olfactory bulb
41
Q

limbic system

A

influences memory formation by integrating emotional states with stored memories of physical sensations

42
Q

Brodmann Functional Area 1,2,3

A

Primary Somesthetic Area, nuclei from the thalamic neurons

Lesions: decreased touch, pressure, proprioeption –> pain and temp. preserved

43
Q

Brodmann Functional Area 4

A

UMN motor strip, fine skilled motor activity

Lesions
- Destructive: flaccid paralysis
- Irritant: seizure

44
Q

Brodmann Functional Area 5 & 7

A

Somatosensory

Lesions: decreased tactile and proprioceptive
- Grapheshesias: can’t ID what shape you are holding
- Astereognosis: can’t ID what number is drawn on hand

45
Q

Brodmann Functional Area 6 & 8

A

Premotor Cortex (supplementary motor cortex): fine control of voluntary motor movement

Lesions:
- Contralateral spastic paralysis, apraxia
- Frontal eye fields

46
Q

Calcacrine Cortex

A

Primary visual area

Lesions:
- Destructive: visual field cuts
- Irritant: visual hallucinations

47
Q

Brodmann Functional Area 18 & 19

A

Associative visual area

Lesions:
- Visual agnosias (can’t recognize objects)

48
Q

Brodmann Functional Area 41

A

Primary auditory cortex

Lesions:
- Destructive: hearing loss
- Irritants: auditory hallucinations

49
Q

Brodmann Functional Area 40, 42, 44

A

Cerebral dominance, aphasia, receptive aphasia, expressive aphasia

50
Q

Wernicke (Brodmann Functional Area 22)

A

grammatically correct, incorrect content (wacky)

51
Q

Broca (Brodmann Functional Area 44 & 45)

A

expressive/ motor/ nonfluent aphasia: can’t speak properly (broken)

52
Q

Diencephalon

A

Between brain stem and cerebrum

Contains…
1. thalamus

53
Q

diencephalon

A

Between brain stem and cerebrum

Contains…
1. thalamus
2. epithalamus
3. subthalamus
4. hypothalamus

54
Q

thalamus

A

Cerebral cortex processing center

Coordination and regulation of afferent signals from cortex (affectual expression)

55
Q

epithalamus

A

Connection between limbic system and rest of brain

56
Q

subthalamus

A

Subthalamic nuclei, nerve tracts (motor function control)

57
Q

hypothalamus

A

ANS (regulation body temp/ endocrine), physical expression of behavior, appestat (feeding center), pleasure center

Anterior: parasympathetic activity (maintenance)
- Basal metabolism, ACH, slows HR, resp, pupillary constriction
Posterior: sympathetic (fight or flight, stress resp)
- T1-L3, noradrenaline increases HR, resp, dilates pupils

58
Q

reticular system

A

Descending: ANS, extrapyramidal system to voluntary muscles through pontine tegmentum
Ascending: sensory input to thalamus/ cortex (arousal from sleep, wakefulness, attention)

59
Q

medulla

A

CN VIII-XII: autonomic function, communication between brain and spinal cord
Medulla oblongota: respiration (dorsal/ ventral groups), BP/HR, reflexes, vomiting

60
Q

pons

A

CN: V,VI, VII: communication between cerebellum and cerebrum (pneumotaxic centre & relay brain messages)

61
Q

cerebellum

A

Archicerebellum: equilibrium
Paleocerebellum: muscle tone
Neocerebellum: control coordination

62
Q

major coverings of skull and meninges

A

Dura: epidural space between deep and superficial layers
- Superficial: inner periosteum of skull
- Deep: dura mater proper
- Reflections: separate into two layers
Tentorium: separate cerebellum/brainstem from occipital lobe
Falx cerebri: separate brain hemispheres longitudinally

Arachnoid: subdural space above (enlarges as brain atrophies), subarachnoid space below (location of BV and CSF)

Pia mater: meningeal envelope on brain/spinal cord surface, impermeable to fluid (pierced by BV which nourish brain and spinal cord)

63
Q

C2 and C3

A

posterior head and neck

64
Q

C4 and T2

A

adj in upper thorax

65
Q

T4 or T5

A

nipple

66
Q

T10

A

umbilicus

67
Q

C5

A

anterior shoulder

68
Q

C6

A

thumb

69
Q

C7

A

index and middle fingers

70
Q

C7/8

A

little finger

71
Q

T1

A

inner forearm

72
Q

T2

A

upper inner arm

73
Q

T2/3

A

axilla

74
Q

L1

A

anterior upper inner thigh

75
Q

L2

A

anterior upper thigh

76
Q

L3

A

knee

77
Q

L4

A

medial malleolus

78
Q

L5

A

dorsum of foot/ toes 1-3

79
Q

S1

A

toes 4-5, lateral malleolus

80
Q

S3/C1

A

anus

81
Q

brain vascularization

A

Carotids: CCA –> ICA (brain) and ECA (dura, bone, scalp, facial muscles)

Veins: no valves, thin, drain into cranial venous sinuses
- Deep: venous sinuses in flax and tentorium reflections
- Superficial: next to arteries
- All leave vein via jugular

82
Q

brachial plexus

A

Radial: post cord tricep extensors (saturday night palsy)
Sensory: dorsum of hand (not 5th)
Median: anterior interosseous, palmar cutaneous branch, all flexors except FCU and med FDP, pronator teres, pronator quadratus
Ulnar: FCU and med FDP interossei, add policis, opponens digiti minimi, abd digit minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis

83
Q

lumbar plexus

A

Lateral femoral cutaneous: L2-L3, sensory nerve
Sciatic nerve: largest peripheral, runs posterior

84
Q

sciatic nerve

A

Peroneal:
- Articular branches
2 follow superior/inferior lateral genicular arteries to knee
Recurrent branches off common peroneal to the front of the knee via the tibialis anterior
- Lateral sural cutaneous: supplies the skin on the posterior and lateral surfaces of the leg

Posterior tibialis/ tibial: branches into medial and lateral plantar nerves
- Motor: superficial and deep posterior leg muscles
- Sensory: posterior leg and sole of foot

85
Q

olfactory nerve

A

sensory, brain tract, odors to receptors in nasal mucosa to olfactory bulb to olfactory tract to anterior perforated substance to entorhinal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, and other parts of limbic system

Testing: eyes closed, nonirritating, familiar smells, compare strength
- Omitted unless trauma or complaint
Symptoms:
- Anosmia: colds, rhinitis, tumors
- Hypersomnia: hysterics, cocaine addicts
- Parosmia (distorted): hallucinations, hysterics, seizures, schizophrenia, uncinate gyrus lesions
- Cacosmia (unpleasant): decomposition of tissue

86
Q

optic nerve

A

sensory, brain tract, visual acuity/ fields, fundi examination, pupil diameter/ response, accommodation

  • Light to retina (rods and cones) to optic nerve to optic chiasm and tract to lateral geniculate nucleus in thalamus to optic radiations to primary visual cortex (calacrine)
  • Papilledema, optic atrophy, cytomegalovirus retinitis, CRAO, CRVO, proliferative diabetic retinopathy
87
Q

oculomotor nerve

A

motor, pupil diameter, pupillary response, accommodation

Eye muscles:
- Superior: levator palpebrae superioris, superior rectus
- Inferior: medial rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique
- Parasympathetic: ciliary ganglion
- Injury : pupil dilation and ptosis (upper lid droop) “fixed and dilated”

88
Q

trochlear nerve

A

motor: superior oblique

89
Q

trigeminal nerve

A

mixed

Test: palpate masseter while biting down
- Check sharp or dull sensation
Warm cold and vibration if abnormal
- Check next to nose and chin with eyes closed
- Corneal reflex

Ophthalmic
Maxillary
Mandible

90
Q

abducens nerve

A

motor, lateral rectus (abduction of the eye)

LR6

91
Q

facial nerve

A

mixed (sensory ⅔ of tongue, motor for facial expressions)

Parasympathetic: salivary and lacrimal glands
Test: asymmetry, puff cheeks, smile, close eyes and attempt to open
Injury: facial droop (bells palsy), dry eyes, dry mouth
Peripheral: whole side paralyzed
Central: forehead spared

92
Q

auditory nerve

A

sensory (whisper test, Weber, Rhinne)

93
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve

A

mixed (sensory posterior ⅓ tongue, auditory tube, pharynx, parasympathetic to parotid)
- voice, gag reflex, uvula deviation

94
Q

vagus nerve

A

mixed (sensory and motor to larynx and pharynx) parasympathetic to chest and abdomen
- Voice, gag reflex, uvula deviation
- Palatoglossus tongue muscle

95
Q

accessory nerve

A

motor: larynx/pharynx muscles, trapezius, SCM
- check for trapezius asymmetry (shrug shoulders, push head laterally against hand)

96
Q

hypoglossal nerve

A

motor: 2/4 tongue extrinsic muscles (genioglossus, styloglossus, hyoglossus)
- check for tongue deviation, atrophy, fasciculations

Semester 1 Finals (4 decks)

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