cram thermodynamics

Question 1

isolated system

Answer 1

no exchange with environment

Question 2

closed system

Answer 2

energy exchange with environment

Question 3

open system

Answer 3

exchange of matter and energy with environment

Question 4

adiabatic

Answer 4

no exchange of heat

termos, stanely cup

Question 5

macroscopic characterization of a thermodynamic system

Answer 5

determines the state of the system by state variables

p, V and T are state variables if they describe a system in equillibrium state

Question 6

extensive variables

Answer 6

depend on size of the system e.G energy, mass, volume, charge, entropy

Question 7

intensive variables

Answer 7

do not depend on size e.g: pressure, temperature, concentration

Question 8

equillibrium

Answer 8

can be reasched by spontaneous process without any outside intervention

• properties of system do not change with time
• intensive variables are uniformely distributed througout the system

Question 9

non-equillibrium

Answer 9

may contain intensice variables which vary in space and time

Question 10

internal energy

Answer 10

the energy an object or substance is due to the molecular kinetic and potential energies associated with the random motions of all the particles that make it up

Question 11

kinetic energy

Answer 11

due to motion of the particles

Question 12

potential energy

Answer 12

due to interactions between the atoms, ions and molecules

Question 13

ideal gas with one atom

Answer 13

translational energy

Question 14

ideal gas with several atomsq

Answer 14

translational and rotational and vibration energy

Question 15

liquid and solid body

Answer 15

translational, rotational, vibration energy and attractive molecular interactions

Question 16

elementary energy exchanges

W = y *dx

Answer 16

W = y * dx

extensive (x)
volume, matter, charge

intensive (y)

pressure
chemical potential
electric potential
temperature

product:
volumetric work
work of material transport
heat

Question 17

change of internal energy

Answer 17

sum of individual energy exchanges

Question 18

thermal interactions - > DeltaQ

Answer 18

dQ=TdS

Question 19

first law of thermodynamics

Answer 19

law of conservation of energy. energy may be converted into different forms, but the total energy of the system remains constant

Question 20

latent heat

Answer 20

Latent heat is thermal energy released or absorbed, by a body or a thermodynamic system, during a constant-temperature process. Found between change of states (from solid to liquid)

Question 21

equalization of temperature and/or pressure leads to

Answer 21

increase in entropy

Question 22

entropy in equillibrium is

Answer 22

constant

Question 23

real processes leading to equillibrium

Answer 23

1) temperature equalization
2) mixing of gases
3) conversion of macroscopic kinetic energy to thermal energy

Question 24

second law of thermodynamics

Answer 24

during spontaneous processes entropy always increases. spontaneous processes proceed towards the most pronable state

Question 25

entropy maximum

Answer 25

thermodynamic equillibrium

Question 26

statistical entropy

Answer 26

s=k*lnOmega
omega is the thermodynamic probability. thermodynamic probability is gives the number of microstates for a given macrostate

Question 27

high conformational entropy

Answer 27

random coil

Question 28

small conformational entropy

Answer 28

ordered conformations

Question 29

third law of thermodynamics

Answer 29

the entropy of one-component, crystallizing when temperature approaches zero
s=0 t=0 omega is 1

it is impossible to reach t in a finite number of steps

Question 30

usable part of internal energy at constant pressure

Answer 30

enthalpy
H=U+pV
isobaric

Question 31

usable part of internal energy at constant temperature

Answer 31

free energy

F = U-TS