Cram sheet Flashcards

Question

What is validity in research?

Answer 1

The accuracy of results

Answer 2

The consistency of results over time

Answer 3

Real-world validity

Answer 4

No cause and effect can be established

Answer 5

Variables vary in the same direction

Answer 6

Variables vary in opposite directions

Answer 7

An in-depth study of one individual

Answer 8

Mean, median, mode

Answer 9

* Mean: Average * Median: Middle number * Mode: Most frequently occurring

Answer 10

Significance of results

Answer 11

Confidentiality

Answer 12

Receive incoming signals

Answer 13

Speeds up signal transmission down the axon

Answer 14

Movement of ions that sends an electrical charge down the axon

Answer 15

Time when a neuron cannot fire again until it resets

Answer 16

Neurons that receive signals from the environment

Answer 17

Brain and spinal cord

Answer 18

Involuntary functions like heart rate and breathing

Answer 19

Arouses the body for fight or flight

Answer 20

Regulates moods and emotions

Answer 21

Emotions and memory

Answer 22

Relay center for sensory information

Answer 23

Reward/pleasure center and eating behaviors

Answer 24

Bundle of nerves connecting the two brain hemispheres

Answer 25

The brain's ability to heal and adapt

Answer 26

Nature vs. nurture influences on behavior

Answer 27

Releases growth hormones and is controlled by the hypothalamus

Answer 28

Detection of a signal 50% of the time

Answer 29

Minimum difference needed to detect a change

Answer 30

Diminished sensitivity due to constant stimulation

Answer 31

Noticing your name being mentioned even when not paying attention

Answer 32

Light → cornea → pupil/iris → lens → retina → rods/cones → bipolar cells → ganglion cells → optic nerve → occipital lobe

Answer 33

* Rods: Black/white, dim light * Cones: Color, bright light

Answer 34

Three cones for receiving color (blue, red, green)

Answer 35

Processing of complementary colors

Answer 36

Adjacent lights blinking on/off appear to create movement

Answer 37

* Interposition * Relative Size * Relative Clarity * Texture Gradient * Relative Height * Linear Perspective

Answer 38

* Retinal Disparity * Convergence

Answer 39

Processing from whole to smaller parts

Answer 40

Processing from smaller parts to whole

Answer 41

Sound → pinna → auditory canal → eardrum → ossicles → oval window → cochlea → auditory nerve → temporal lobes

Answer 42

Location where hair cells bend determines sound for high pitches

Answer 43

Rate of action potentials sent determines sound for low pitches

Answer 44

* Bitter * Salty * Sweet * Sour * Umami

Answer 45

Organizing information into figures that stand apart from the background

Answer 46

Thinking about thinking

Answer 47

Different brain wave patterns: Beta, Alpha, Delta

Answer 48

24-hour biological clock controlling body temperature and awareness

Answer 49

Inability to fall asleep

Answer 50

Sudden sleep attacks

Answer 51

* Latent Content: Hidden meaning * Manifest Content: Obvious storyline

Answer 52

Reducing pain and helping relaxation

Answer 53

Substances that decrease sympathetic NS activation

Answer 54

Substances that increase sympathetic NS activation

Answer 55

Substances that cause hallucinations

Answer 56

Triggers dopamine release in the brain

Answer 57

* Alcohol * Barbiturates * Tranquilizers

Answer 58

Increase sympathetic NS activation

Answer 59

* LSD * Marijuana

Answer 60

Needing more of a drug to achieve the same effects

Answer 61

Become addicted to the drug – must have it to avoid withdrawal symptoms

Answer 62

Psychological and physiological symptoms associated with sudden stoppage

Answer 63

Brings about response w/o needing to be learned (food)

Answer 64

Response that naturally occurs w/o training (salivate)

Answer 65

Stimulus that normally doesn’t evoke a response (bell)

Answer 66

Once neutral stimulus that now brings about a response (bell)

Answer 67

Response that, after conditioning, follows a CS (salivate)

Answer 68

Timing of the pairing, NS/CS must be presented immediately BEFORE the US

Answer 69

Process of learning the response pairing

Answer 70

Previously conditioned response dies out over time

Answer 71

After a period of time, the CR comes back out of nowhere

Answer 72

CR to like stimuli (similar sounding bell)

Answer 73

CR to ONLY the CS

Answer 74

Classical conditioning involves cognitive processes

Answer 75

Innate predispositions can allow classical conditioning to occur in one trial (food poisoning)

Answer 76

John Watson

Answer 77

Behaviors followed by pos. outcomes are strengthened, neg. outcomes weaken a behavior

Answer 78

Add something nice to increase a behavior

Answer 79

Take away something bad/annoying to increase a behavior

Answer 80

Add something bad to decrease a behavior

Answer 81

Take away something good to decrease a behavior

Answer 82

Innately satisfying (food and water)

Answer 83

Everything else (stickers, high-fives)

Answer 84

Type of secondary that can be exchanged for other stuff

Answer 85

Respond to similar stimulus for reward

Answer 86

Stimulus signals when behavior will or will not be reinforced

Answer 87

High probability activities reinforce low probability activities

Answer 88

Reinforcing intrinsically motivating behaviors causes you to stop doing them

Answer 89

Use successive approximations to train behavior

Answer 90

Tie together several behaviors

Answer 91

Receive reward for every response

Answer 92

Reward every X number of responses

Answer 93

Reward every X amount of time passed

Answer 94

Rewarded after a random number of responses

Answer 95

Rewarded after a random amount of time has passed

Answer 96

Variable schedules

Answer 97

Learning is hidden until useful

Answer 98

Mental representation of an area

Answer 99

Learning through simple intuition

Answer 100

Giving up due to lack of positive outcomes

Answer 101

Requires no effort

Answer 102

Requires attention

Answer 103

* Shallow * Intermediate * Deep

Answer 104

Attaching images to information

Answer 105

We better remember what we’re interested in

Answer 106

Combining different types of encoding aids in memory

Answer 107

Break info into smaller units to aid in memory

Answer 108

Shortcuts to help us remember info easier

Answer 109

Where you learn the info you best remember the info

Answer 110

The physical state during learning should match testing

Answer 111

Sensory memory, short term memory, long term memory model

Answer 112

Stores all incoming stimuli that you receive

Answer 113

Visual memory, lasts 0.3 seconds

Answer 114

Auditory memory, lasts 2-3 seconds

Answer 115

Info passes from sensory memory to STM – lasts 30 secs

Answer 116

Splits STM into visual spatial memory and phonological loop

Answer 117

Lasts a lifetime

Answer 118

* Episodic * Semantic

Answer 119

* Classical conditioning * Procedural

Answer 120

Neural basis of memory – connections are strengthened over time

Answer 121

Tendency to remember the beginning and the end of a list best

Answer 122

Remember what you’ve been told w/o cues

Answer 123

Remember what you’ve been told w/ cues

Answer 124

Particularly vivid memories for highly important events

Answer 125

Unconsciously buried memories – are unreliable

Answer 126

Forget info b/c you never encoded it in the first place

Answer 127

The more closely retrieval cues match the way we learned the info, the better we remember

Answer 128

Recall decreases rapidly at first, then reaches a plateau

Answer 129

Old info blocks new

Answer 130

New info blocks old

Answer 131

Distortion of memory by suggestion or misinformation

Answer 132

Forgetting new info

Answer 133

Forgetting old info

Answer 134

Destruction of acetylcholine in hippocampus

Answer 135

Smallest unit of sound

Answer 136

Smallest unit that carries meaning

Answer 137

Rules in a language that enable us to communicate

Answer 138

Set of rules by which we derive meaning

Answer 139

Rules for combining words into sentences

Answer 140

Infants babble 1st stage of speech

Answer 141

Infants use single words to communicate

Answer 142

Infants use two words to communicate

Answer 143

Kids repeat what they hear

Answer 144

Grammar mistake where children overuse certain morphemes

Answer 145

Noam Chomsky

Answer 146

Time where something must be learned or else it cannot happen

Answer 147

Language influences the way we think

Answer 148

Mental categories used to group objects, events, characteristics

Answer 149

Ideal examples of a concept

Answer 150

Step by step strategies that guarantee a solution

Answer 151

Short cut strategy

Answer 152

Inability to think outside of the box

Answer 153

Preexisting beliefs distort logical reasoning

Answer 154

Clinging to beliefs in the face of contrary evidence

Answer 155

Data driven decisions, general → specific

Answer 156

Driven by logic, specific → general

Answer 157

Ability to think about many different things at once

Answer 158

Complex behaviors have fixed patterns and are not learned

Answer 159

Physiological need creates aroused tension that motivates you to satisfy the need

Answer 160

Humans aim to seek optimum levels of arousal

Answer 161

Inner motivation – you do it because you like it

Answer 162

Motivation to obtain a reward

Answer 163

* Stomach contractions * Glucose levels * Orexin release

Answer 164

When stimulated makes you hungry

Answer 165

When stimulated makes you feel full

Answer 166

Signals the brain to reduce appetite

Answer 167

* Heart attack * Hypertension * Diabetes

Answer 168

Weight loss of at least 15% ideal weight, distorted body image

Answer 169

Binge-purge eating pattern

Answer 170

Hypothalamus

Answer 171

Monitors, initiates, and restricts hormones

Answer 172

* Excitement phase * Plateau * Orgasm * Refractory period

Answer 173

First researcher to conduct studies in sex

Answer 174

* Differences in the brain * Identical twins more likely to both be gay

Answer 175

Stimulus → physiological arousal → emotion

Answer 176

Stimulus → physiological arousal & emotion simultaneously

Answer 177

Stimulus → arousal → interpret external cues → label emotion

Answer 178

* Happiness * Anger * Sadness * Surprise * Disgust * Fear

Answer 179

Facial expressions influence emotion

Answer 180

* Alarm * Resistance * Exhaustion

Answer 181

Gestures, Duchenne smile (real vs. fake smile) ## Footnote Non-verbal cues are significant in communication and can convey emotions without words.

Answer 182

Being forced to smile will make you happier; facial expressions influence emotion ## Footnote This hypothesis suggests that facial movements can affect emotional experiences.

Answer 183

* Alarm: body reacts to stress * Resistance: body copes with stress * Exhaustion: body can no longer cope ## Footnote GAS was developed by Hans Selye to describe the physiological response to stress.

Answer 184

Rigid, stressful, perfectionist; at risk for heart disease ## Footnote Type A individuals often exhibit high levels of competitiveness and urgency.

Answer 185

Laid back, non-stressed ## Footnote Type B individuals are generally more relaxed and less driven by stress.

Answer 186

Employee recruitment, placement, training, satisfaction, productivity ## Footnote This field applies psychological principles to workplace environments.

Answer 187

Intersection of engineering and psychology; focuses on safety and efficiency of human-machine interactions ## Footnote Ergonomics aims to optimize the interaction between people and systems.

Answer 188

Productivity increases when workers feel important ## Footnote This effect highlights the impact of social factors on worker performance.

Answer 189

Manager controls employees, enforces rules; suitable for lower-level jobs ## Footnote Theory X assumes that employees are inherently lazy and require supervision.

Answer 190

Manager gives employees responsibility, seeks input; suitable for high-level jobs ## Footnote Theory Y assumes that employees are motivated and seek responsibility.

Answer 191

* Affective: emotional attachment * Continuance: stay due to costs of leaving * Normative: stay due to obligation ## Footnote Affective commitment is considered the most beneficial for organizations.

Answer 192

* Zygote: 0-14 days, cells dividing * Embryo: until about 9 weeks, vital organs forming * Fetus: 9 weeks to birth, overall development ## Footnote Each stage plays a critical role in the development of a human being.

Answer 193

External agents that can cause abnormal prenatal development (e.g., alcohol, drugs) ## Footnote Exposure to teratogens can lead to serious developmental issues.

Answer 194

Caused by large amounts of alcohol during pregnancy; leads to deformities, mental retardation, death ## Footnote FAS is a severe consequence of prenatal alcohol exposure.

Answer 195

Natural course of development that occurs regardless of external factors (e.g., walking) ## Footnote Maturation is a biological process that unfolds with time.

Answer 196

* Rooting * Sucking * Swallowing * Grasping * Stepping ## Footnote Reflexes are automatic responses that are present at birth.

Answer 197

Decreased attention to a stimulus after repeated exposure ## Footnote This phenomenon is used to study infants' learning processes.

Answer 198

Concepts or frameworks that organize information ## Footnote Schemas help individuals understand and interpret the world.

Answer 199

Incorporating new information into existing schemas ## Footnote This process helps maintain cognitive stability.

Answer 200

Adjusting existing schemas to incorporate new information ## Footnote Accommodation is essential for cognitive growth.

Answer 201

Birth to 2 years; focused on exploring the world; lack object permanence ## Footnote Children in this stage learn about their environment through sensory experiences.

Answer 202

Ages 2-7; use pretend play, developing language; lack conservation and reversibility ## Footnote This stage involves significant growth in symbolic thought.

Answer 203

Ages 7-11; use operational thinking, classification, logical thinking in concrete contexts ## Footnote Children can perform operations on concrete objects but struggle with abstract concepts.

Answer 204

Ages 11-15; use abstract and idealist thoughts, hypothetical-deductive reasoning ## Footnote This stage marks the development of advanced cognitive abilities.

Answer 205

The gap between what a child can do independently and with support ## Footnote Scaffolding is necessary to bridge this gap.

Answer 206

Patterns of emotional reactions in infants; precursor to personality ## Footnote Temperament influences how children interact with the world.

Answer 207

When baby geese recognize the first thing they see after hatching as their mom; occurs during a critical period ## Footnote This phenomenon demonstrates the importance of early experiences.

Answer 208

Contact comfort is more important than feeding; isolation affects socialization ## Footnote Harlow's studies with monkeys highlighted the importance of emotional bonds.

Answer 209

* Secure attachment * Avoidant attachment * Ambivalent attachment * Disorganized attachment ## Footnote These styles reflect how infants relate to their caregivers.

Answer 210

* Authoritarian: strict rules * Permissive: few rules * Authoritative: balanced approach ## Footnote Parenting styles significantly influence children's development.

Answer 211

* Preconventional morality: avoid punishment * Conventional morality: maintain order * Postconventional morality: follow personal ethics ## Footnote These levels illustrate the progression of moral reasoning.

Answer 212

Birth to 18 months; if needs are dependably met, infants develop basic trust ## Footnote This stage sets the foundation for future relationships.

Answer 213

Necessary structures for reproduction (ovaries, testicles, vagina, penis) ## Footnote These characteristics develop during puberty.

Answer 214

Non-reproductive characteristics that develop during puberty (breasts, hips, body hair) ## Footnote These traits distinguish male and female bodies but are not directly involved in reproduction.

Answer 215

Cells have a maximum number of divisions before they can no longer divide ## Footnote This theory explains aging at the cellular level.

Answer 216

Studies people of different ages at the same time; quick and inexpensive ## Footnote This method can highlight generational differences.

Answer 217

Studies the same people over time; detailed but expensive and time-consuming ## Footnote This design allows researchers to observe changes over time.

Answer 218

* Denial * Anger * Bargaining * Depression * Acceptance ## Footnote These stages represent common emotional responses to loss.

Answer 219

Solving or doing something to alter the course of stress (planning, acceptance) ## Footnote This approach addresses the source of stress directly.

Answer 220

Reducing emotional distress (denial, disengagement) ## Footnote This method focuses on managing feelings rather than the stressor itself.

Answer 221

* Conscious: immediate awareness * Preconscious: available to awareness * Unconscious: unavailable to awareness ## Footnote Freud's model of the mind illustrates different levels of awareness.

Answer 222

Our hidden true animalistic wants and desires; operates on the pleasure principle ## Footnote The Id is entirely unconscious and seeks instant gratification.

Answer 223

Our moral conscience; represents societal rules and ideals ## Footnote The Superego develops through interactions with caregivers and society.

Answer 224

Operates on the reality principle; mediates between the Id and Superego ## Footnote The Ego is responsible for rational thought and decision-making.

Answer 225

Pushing memories into the unconscious mind ## Footnote This mechanism helps individuals cope with traumatic experiences.

Answer 226

Attributing personal shortcomings and faults to others ## Footnote This mechanism often deflects responsibility from oneself.

Answer 227

Refusing to acknowledge reality ## Footnote Denial can be a coping strategy for dealing with distressing information.

Answer 228

Shifting feelings from an unacceptable object to a more acceptable one ## Footnote This can occur when a person cannot express emotions towards the original source.

Answer 229

Transforming unacceptable motives into their opposite ## Footnote This mechanism can lead to behaviors that are contrary to one's true feelings.

Answer 230

Returning to an earlier developmental period in response to stress ## Footnote This can manifest in childlike behaviors during stressful times.

Answer 231

Replacing a less acceptable reasoning with a more acceptable one ## Footnote This helps individuals justify their actions or feelings.

Answer 232

Replacing unacceptable impulses with socially acceptable ones ## Footnote This can lead to positive outcomes, such as artistic expression.

Answer 233

* Oral stage (0-18 months) * Anal stage (18-36 months) * Phallic stage (3-6 years) * Latency stage (6 years to puberty) * Genital stage (adulthood) ## Footnote These stages influence personality development and can lead to fixations.

Answer 234

Young boys identify with their fathers out of fear of retribution (castration anxiety) ## Footnote This complex is part of Freud's phallic stage of development.

Answer 235

Young girls identify with their mothers due to penis envy ## Footnote This complex reflects the girl's feelings of competition with the mother.

Answer 236

Becoming 'stuck' in an earlier psychosexual stage, influencing personality ## Footnote Fixations can result in certain behaviors associated with that stage.

Answer 237

Collective unconscious; shared inherited memories across civilizations ## Footnote Jung's theory explains common myths and archetypes in different cultures.

Answer 238

Personality develops in the context of social relationships, not sexual urges ## Footnote Horney emphasized security and interpersonal relationships as motivators.

Answer 239

Enduring personality characteristics that describe individuals ## Footnote Traits are stable and can predict behavior in various situations.

Answer 240

* Openness * Conscientiousness * Extraversion * Agreeableness * Neuroticism ## Footnote This model provides a comprehensive framework for understanding personality.

Answer 241

Ignores the role of the situation in behavior ## Footnote Situational factors can significantly influence how traits are expressed.

Answer 242

Helpful for mental health assessment and job placement ## Footnote The MMPI is a widely used psychological test assessing personality traits.

Answer 243

Personal growth and free will ## Footnote This approach emphasizes the individual's capacity for change.

Answer 244

Self-concept; the idea of who we are ## Footnote Rogers distinguished between the actual self and ideal self.

Answer 245

Cultures that prioritize individual goals over group goals ## Footnote In these cultures, identity is defined in terms of personal attributes.

Answer 246

Cultures that prioritize group goals over individual goals ## Footnote Identity in these cultures is often tied to group membership.

Answer 247

Interaction of behavior, cognition, and environment that shapes personality ## Footnote This concept was introduced by Albert Bandura to explain personality development.

Answer 248

Belief in one's ability to succeed ## Footnote High self-efficacy can lead to greater motivation and resilience.

Answer 249

Belief that one controls their own fate ## Footnote Individuals with this mindset are more likely to take responsibility for their actions.

Answer 250

Belief that chance or outside forces control one's fate ## Footnote This perspective can lead to feelings of helplessness.

Answer 251

Belief that one can succeed ## Footnote Self-efficacy influences motivation and behavior.

Answer 252

Belief that you control your own fate

Answer 253

Belief that chance or outside forces control your fate

Answer 254

Too specific, cannot generalize

Answer 255

Highlights situations and cognitive explanations of personality

Answer 256

Through observations and interviews

Answer 257

* Crystalized intelligence * Fluid intelligence

Answer 258

A general intelligence (g) that underlies all mental abilities

Answer 259

* Linguistic * Logical-mathematical * Musical

Answer 260

* Analytical * Practical * Creative

Answer 261

Chronological age compared to mental age

Answer 262

IQ has steadily risen over the past 80 years

Answer 263

A condition where the liver fails to produce an enzyme needed to break down chemicals, leading to brain damage

Answer 264

An extra copy of the 21st chromosome

Answer 265

MZ twins have similar IQs; adopted kids more similar to biological parents

Answer 266

Predicts your abilities to learn a new skill

Answer 267

Tests what you know

Answer 268

Administering a test to a representative sample to establish a basis for comparison

Answer 269

The test produces consistent results over time

Answer 270

The test measures what it is intended to measure

Answer 271

Must be deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional

Answer 272

Treatment of disorders with a biological origin

Answer 273

Manual listing all currently accepted psychological disorders

Answer 274

Person is generally anxious all the time for no reason

Answer 275

Prone to frequent panic attacks

Answer 276

Persistent unwanted thoughts

Answer 277

Senseless rituals

Answer 278

Characterized by flashbacks and anxiety following a traumatic event

Answer 279

Fear conditioning leads to anxiety

Answer 280

Psychological disorders with no apparent physical cause

Answer 281

Fracturing into several distinct personalities

Answer 282

Extreme sadness and despair with no known cause

Answer 283

Milder form of depression lasting for years

Answer 284

Bouts of severe depression and manic episodes

Answer 285

Form of depression that occurs typically in winter

Answer 286

* Hallucinations * Delusions * Disorganized thinking

Answer 287

* Flat affect * Impaired decision making

Answer 288

Too much dopamine in the brain leads to schizophrenia

Answer 289

Disruptive, inflexible, enduring behavior patterns

Answer 290

Focuses on unconscious processes and childhood experiences

Answer 291

Developed by Carl Rogers, focuses on patient growth

Answer 292

Analyzes self-defeating behaviors to change thought patterns

Answer 293

Challenges illogical thoughts leading to psychological problems

Answer 294

Associating a pleasant state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli

Answer 295

Behavior modification through rewards

Answer 296

Treats the family as a system affecting individual behaviors

Answer 297

Psychopharmacology

Answer 298

Decrease dopamine to treat schizophrenia

Answer 299

To treat depression when nothing else works

Answer 300

Explains others' behaviors by crediting the situation or disposition

Answer 301

Underestimating situational factors while overestimating personal disposition

Answer 302

Changing attitudes through logical arguments

Answer 303

Complying with a small request leads to compliance with a larger request

Answer 304

Turning down a large request increases chances of accepting a smaller one

Answer 305

Individuals take on roles and can go too far

Answer 306

Conflict between opposing thoughts causing discomfort

Answer 307

Changing behavior to align with a group

Answer 308

Exerting less effort in a group than individually

Answer 309

Loss of self-awareness in group situations

Answer 310

Similar thoughts become more extreme in a group

Answer 311

Desire for harmony leads to poor decision making

Answer 312

Tendency to favor our own group

Answer 313

Prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

Answer 314

Seeing one's own group as more important than others

Answer 315

Runs in families and can be bred in animals

Answer 316

* Pollution * Crowding * Heat * Humidity

Answer 317

Tendency to see your own group as more important than others ## Footnote Ethnocentrism can lead to bias and discrimination against other groups.

Answer 318

Tendency for people to believe that the world is just, leading them to think people get what they deserve ## Footnote This can result in victim-blaming, particularly towards marginalized groups.

Answer 319

Aggression runs in families and can be bred in animals ## Footnote Genetic predispositions can affect behavior and temperament.

Answer 320

Lower serotonin and higher testosterone are associated with increased aggression ## Footnote Hormonal influences can affect mood and behavior.

Answer 321

Observing violence in others makes us more violent for a time ## Footnote This theory emphasizes the role of imitation and modeling in behavior.

Answer 322

* Pollution * Crowding * Heat * Humidity ## Footnote These factors can exacerbate feelings of frustration and anger.

Answer 323

Frustration creates anger, which leads to aggression ## Footnote This theory links emotional states to aggressive behavior.

Answer 324

Repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them ## Footnote This phenomenon explains why familiarity can breed affection.

Answer 325

Pretty people are thought to be more credible and less likely to do bad things ## Footnote This is often referred to as the 'halo effect' in psychology.

Answer 326

We prefer people similar to us ## Footnote Similarity can enhance relationships and social bonds.

Answer 327

Unselfish regard for the welfare of others ## Footnote Altruism can motivate individuals to help others without expecting anything in return.

Answer 328

The more people around, the less likely we are to help someone in need ## Footnote This phenomenon highlights how diffusion of responsibility can affect helping behavior.

Answer 329

Social behavior (helping) is an exchange process aimed at maximizing benefits and minimizing costs ## Footnote This theory suggests that people weigh the potential rewards and risks of helping.

Answer 330

We give so we can get ## Footnote This norm encourages mutual exchange in social relationships.

Answer 331

Conflicting parties pursue their own best interests, resulting in destructive outcomes ## Footnote The prisoner's dilemma is a classic example of a social trap.

Answer 332

A win-win situation where you have to choose between two desirable options ## Footnote Example: Choosing between two favorite restaurants.

Answer 333

A win-lose situation where the outcome has both positive and negative aspects ## Footnote Example: The decision to marry may come with both benefits and drawbacks.

Answer 334

A lose-lose situation where both outcomes are undesirable ## Footnote Example: Choosing between cleaning your room or doing homework.

Answer 335

Two or more win-lose situations where you must choose which to pursue ## Footnote Example: Choosing between colleges with different pros and cons.

Answer 336

What we consider important in ourselves is what we consider important in others ## Footnote This bias can affect interpersonal perceptions and judgments.

Answer 337

We overestimate the degree to which everyone else thinks or acts like we do ## Footnote This can lead to misunderstandings in social situations.

Answer 338

A belief that leads to its own fulfillment ## Footnote Example: Expecting students to succeed can enhance their performance.

Answer 339

Readiness to perceive ourselves favorably ## Footnote This bias can distort self-assessment and accountability.

Answer 340

Tendency of an individual to overestimate the extent to which others are paying attention to them ## Footnote This can lead to social anxiety and self-consciousness.

Answer 341

Bubble as you go to avoid running out of time ## Footnote This helps ensure all questions are answered.

Answer 342

False ## Footnote It's advisable to answer every question even if unsure.

Answer 343

Pick either B, C, or D and bubble straight down ## Footnote This is a strategy to maximize the number of answers submitted.

Answer 344

IS NOT THE ANSWER ## Footnote This can help eliminate incorrect options in tests.

Answer 345

ANSWER THE STUPID QUESTION! ## Footnote Focus on directly addressing the prompt without unnecessary fluff.

Answer 346

Bullet points, transitions, and topic/thesis statements ## Footnote These elements can detract from the clarity and focus of your argument.

Answer 347

Be specific and apply the answer to the prompt ## Footnote Providing detailed evidence strengthens your argument.

Answer 348

Derived from physiology and philosophy

Answer 349

Determining the underlying structures of the mind through introspection

Answer 350

Analyzing the purpose of behavior

Answer 351

Free will, choice, ideal, actualization

Answer 352

Brain and neurotransmitters

Answer 353

Perceptions and thoughts

Answer 354

Learned behaviors and reinforcement

Answer 355

Unconscious processes and childhood experiences

Answer 356

The influence of society on behavior

Answer 357

Elements of biological, psychological, and social factors

Answer 358

Mary Calkins

Answer 359

Natural selection and evolution

Answer 360

Mental institutions in the U.S.

Answer 361

William James

Answer 362

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 363

Manipulated by the researcher

Answer 364

Serves as a baseline for comparison

Answer 365

Behavioral changes due to the belief of receiving treatment

Answer 366

Neither participants nor experimenters know the conditions

Answer 367

The variable that is measured and depends on the independent variable

Answer 368

A clear, precise, quantifiable definition of variables

Answer 369

An error or flaw in the study

Answer 370

Assigns participants randomly to groups to minimize bias

Answer 371