Cram deck

Question 1

• Describe synaptic transmission across a myoneural junction:

Answer 1

o Action potentials arriving at the pre-synaptic terminal cause voltage gated Ca++ channels to open
o Ca++ defuses into the presynaptic cell and cause synaptic vessels to release neurotransmitters
o Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft
o Neurotransmitters bind to the ligand gated Na+ to diffuse into the cell -> this causes a shift in membrane potential.

Question 2

• What are EPSP and IPSP?

Answer 2

o EPSP – Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential

o IPSP – Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential

Question 3

• Relate a synaptic transmitter and synaptic transmitter receptor to EPSP and IPSP

Answer 3

o EPSP increase the likelihood a threshold potential is reached
o IPSPs decrease the likelihood by hyper polarizing the membrane
o EPSPs increase membrane permeability to Na+ (or another substance that increases membrane potential)
o IPSPs generally increase permeability to K+ or Cl-

Question 4

• Reflex arc

Answer 4

o Smallest, simplest portion capable of receiving a stimulus and producing a response

Question 5

• Five components of reflex arc

Answer 5

o	Sensory receptor
o	Sensory neuron
o	Interneuron
o	Motor neuron
o	Effector Neuron

Question 6

• Stretch reflex

Answer 6

o Muscles contract in response to a stretching force applied to them
o Ex: knee jerk reflex

Question 7

• Golgi reflex

Answer 7

o Prevents contracting muscles from exerting too much force on tendons
o Ex: weight lifter dropping heavy weight after straining to lift it

Question 8

• Withdrawal reflex

Answer 8

o Removes limb (part) from painful stimulus
o Reciprocal innervations -> reinforces efficiency of withdrawal reflex
o Crossed extensor reflex -> stimulate muscles on the opposite side of body

Question 9

• What is the difference between monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflexes?

Answer 9

o Monosynaptic reflexes – sensory neurons synapse directly with motor neurons
o Polysynaptic reflexes – involve 1 or more interneurons

Question 10

Sulci

Answer 10

Rivers

Question 11

Gyri

Answer 11

Hill tops

Question 12

Arbor Vitae

Answer 12

White matter of medulla

Question 13

What is Basal ganglia?

Answer 13

Controls Cognition
Movement Coordination
Voluntary Movement
Located deep within the cerebral hemisphere

Question 14

Free nerve ending

Answer 14

branching, no capsule
Function;
pain, itch, tickle, temp., joint movement, proprioception

Question 15

Merkel disks

Answer 15

Flattened expansions at the end of axons

function: light touch and superficial pressure

Question 16

What is the difference between upper motor neurons and lower motor neurons?

Answer 16

They both play a part in relaying information from your brain to your spinal cord to your muscles. The upper motor neurons connect the brain to the spinal cord, lower motor neurons connect spinal cord to muscles.

This is a pretty basic explanation, for more detailed info and illustrations, have a look at the link below.