Cr 7 - Bonding and Organic Chemistry Flashcards
What determines the structure of the periodic table?
The electron configurations of atoms determine the periodic table’s structure, grouping elements with similar valence electron arrangements and chemical properties.
How are elements classified in the periodic table?
Elements are classified as metals or non-metals based on their physical and chemical properties.
What are the common ionic charges for Groups 1, 2, 17, and 18?
Group 1: +1; Group 2: +2; Group 17: -1; Group 18: 0 (noble gases are inert).
What are the reactivity trends in periods 2 and 3 and groups I, II, and VII?
Reactivity varies across periods and groups; for example, Group I metals become more reactive down the group, while Group VII non-metals become less reactive down the group.
How does electron configuration explain an atom’s ability to form chemical bonds?
Electron configuration determines the number of valence electrons, influencing how atoms bond to achieve stable electron arrangements.
How does bonding type affect a substance’s physical properties?
The type of bonding (ionic, covalent, metallic) influences properties like melting point, conductivity, and hardness.
What are the characteristics of ionic compounds?
Ionic compounds have high melting points, are brittle, and conduct electricity when molten or in solution due to their crystalline lattice of oppositely charged ions.
How are ionic compounds named and their formulas determined?
By combining the names and charges of common cations and anions, ensuring the overall charge is balanced.
What explains the properties of metals like malleability and conductivity?
The properties of metals like malleability and conductivity are explained by metallic bonding, where positive metal ions are arranged in a regular lattice and surrounded by a “sea” of delocalised (free-moving) electrons.
These mobile electrons can move throughout the structure, allowing electricity and heat to be conducted easily.
The bonding is strong and multidirectional, meaning the electrostatic attraction between the positive ions and the delocalised electrons holds the structure together in all directions.
This allows the metal layers to slide over each other when force is applied, making metals malleable (able to be shaped without breaking).
How are covalent substances structured?
Covalent substances can form molecules or networks where atoms share electrons, resulting in strong intramolecular bonds and varying intermolecular forces.
What distinguishes intra- and intermolecular forces in covalent compounds?
Intramolecular forces are strong bonds within molecules; intermolecular forces are weaker attractions between molecules.
How is water an example of a polar covalent molecule?
Water has a bent shape with polar O-H bonds, leading to a net dipole moment and strong hydrogen bonding between molecules.
How does polarity affect melting and boiling points?
Polar molecules like water have higher melting and boiling points due to stronger intermolecular attractions.
How are covalent molecular compounds named from formulas?
Using prefixes to denote the number of atoms (e.g., CO₂ is carbon dioxide), based on the molecular formula.
What are the allotropes of carbon and their structures?
Diamond (3D tetrahedral network), graphite (layers of hexagonal lattices), and fullerenes (spherical molecules like C₆₀).
How can physical properties predict a substance’s structure?
Properties like melting point, conductivity, and hardness can indicate whether a substance has ionic, covalent, or metallic bonding.
How can specific ions in solutions be identified?
Using flame tests or chemical reactions that produce characteristic colors or precipitates.
How are precipitation reactions predicted?
By using solubility tables to determine if a combination of ions will form an insoluble compound.
What are overall and net ionic equations?
Overall equations show all reactants and products; net ionic equations show only the species that change during the reaction, omitting spectator ions.
How are H₂, O₂, and CO₂ gases identified?
Through simple gas tests: H₂ pops with a flame, O₂ relights a glowing splint, CO₂ turns limewater milky.
How can unknown inorganic compounds be identified?
By analyzing their solubility and reactions with specific reagents.
What types of hydrocarbon compounds does carbon form?
Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, cyclic alkanes, and cyclic alkenes.
How are organic compounds named using IUPAC nomenclature?
By identifying the longest carbon chain (up to 10 carbons) and applying prefixes/suffixes for branches and functional groups like F, Cl, Br, and I.
What is an isomer?
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements.
