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CPT Flashcards

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1
Q

abdominal bracing

A

activation of the trunk muscles to support the spine

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2
Q

abnormal pain perception processing

A

an increase in the subjective interpretation of discomfort due to abnormal sensory processing in the CNS

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3
Q

acceleration

A

the rate of change of velocity

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4
Q

accessory exercises

A

supplementary focused movements or exercises that strengthen synergist and supporting muscles to help a person better perform a primary movement

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5
Q

acetylcholine

A

the neurotransmitter released by an action potential at the neuromuscular junction

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6
Q

acidosis

A

when the kidneys and lungs cannot keep the body’s pH in balance due to excess acid in body fluids

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7
Q

actin

A

the thin filaments of muscle myofilaments where myosin binds to contract muscles

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8
Q

action plan

A

a set of individualized written instructions, designed with a doctor that details how a person with asthma should manage their asthma at home

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9
Q

action potential

A

an explosion of electrical activity caused by a neural impulse

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10
Q

activation exercises

A

low-intensity exercises that bring on additional blood flow and activate the nervous control of a muscle

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11
Q

active listening

A

paraphrasing or stating in one’s own words what someone has just said

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12
Q

active range of motion

A

a muscle or group of muscles contract to create a range of motion

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13
Q

active recovery

A

low-intensity exercise or activity that can promote and accelerate muscular and metabolic recovery

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14
Q

active stretching

A

a muscle actively contracting to stretch another

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15
Q

activity limitation

A

the quantitative and qualitative measure of disability referring to difficulties experienced by an individual in executing a task or action

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16
Q

acute injury

A

describes a type of injury or an illness that is of rapid onset and progression

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17
Q

acute training variables

A

the components that specify how an exercise is performed

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18
Q

acyclic activites

A

activities that incorporate different movement patterns throughout

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19
Q

adaptive physical fitness

A

the art and science of developing, implementing and monitoring a carefully designed physical fitness program for a person with a disability

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20
Q

added sugars

A

any type of sugar that is added to a food or beverage when it is processed

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21
Q

adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

A

an organic compound essential to the flow of energy in living cells

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22
Q

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

an energy-carrying molecule used to fuel body processes

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23
Q

adhesion

A

area of scar-like tissue that causes organs and tissues to stick together

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24
Q

advanced peripheral neuropathy

A

a result of damage to peripheral nerves that often causes weakness, numbness and pain

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25
Q

aerobic capacity

A

a measure of the ability of the heart and lungs to get oxygen to the muscles

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26
Q

aerobic energy pathways

A

cellular energy pathways that require oxygen for energy production

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27
Q

aerobic exercise

A

exercise that improves or is intended to improve the efficiency of the body’s cardiorespiratory system in absorbing and transporting oxygen

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28
Q

aerobic glycolysis

A

the breakdown of glucose to ATP in the presence of oxygen

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29
Q

afferent neurons

A

sensory neurons sending information from a stimulus to the CNS

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30
Q

agility

A

the ability to accelerate, decelerate, stabilize and change direction with proper posture

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31
Q

agonist

A

the primary muscle used for a mechanical movement

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32
Q

all-or-none principle

A

the principle stating the strength of a neural electrical signal is independent of the magnitude of the stimulus son long as the neural threshold is achieved

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33
Q

alpha motor neurons

A

motor neurons originating in the brain stem and spinal cord that initiate muscle contraction

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34
Q

altered arthrokinematics

A

altered movement of joint surfaces

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35
Q

amenorrhea

A

the absence or cessation of a menstrual cycle in females

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36
Q

amino acids

A

a simple organic compound known as the building block of proteins

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37
Q

anabolic

A

the process of creating larger molecules from smaller units

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38
Q

anabolic-androgenoc steroids

A

synthetic variations of the male sex hormone testosterone

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39
Q

anabolism

A

the building of complex molecules in the body from more simple, smaller molecules

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40
Q

anaerobic

A

without or not requiring oxygen

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41
Q

anaerobic exercise

A

short-duration muscle contractions that break down glucose without using oxygen

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42
Q

anaerobic glycolsis

A

the anaerobic energy system converting glucose to lactate when oxygen is limited

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43
Q

anaerobic threshold

A

the point at which the body switches from aerobic metabolism to primarily anaerobic metabolism

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44
Q

anatomical position

A

the anatomically neutral body position facing forward with the arms at the sides of the body and palms and toes pointing straight ahead

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45
Q

anemia

A

a condition marked by a deficiency of red blood cells or of hemoglobin in the blood resulting in extreme fatigue

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46
Q

angina

A

a condition marked by severe chest pain

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47
Q

angiogensis

A

the development of new blood vessels

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48
Q

angular displacement

A

the change of location of an object that is rotating about an axis

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49
Q

angular motion

A

rotation around an axis

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50
Q

antagonist

A

muscle opposing the mechanical movement of a prime mover

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51
Q

antibodies

A

blood proteins that combine with other substances in the body to recognize foreign bodies as part of the immune response

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52
Q

anticatabolic

A

properties that protect muscle mass from being broken down

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53
Q

antioxidants

A

substances that protect the body from free radicals and the cellular damage they cause

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54
Q

aorta

A

the main artery in the body that supplies oxygenated blood to the circulatory system

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55
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

the bones of the shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle and limbs

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56
Q

arteries

A

blood vessels carrying oxygenated blood away from the heart and to the tissues

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57
Q

arterioles

A

the smaller branches of the arteries leading to the capillaries

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58
Q

arthokinematics

A

the broad term meaning joint motion that can be used in reference to all joint motions

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59
Q

articular capsule

A

the envelope surrounding a synovial joint

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60
Q

articular cartilage

A

a form of hyaline cartilage located on the joint surface of bones

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61
Q

ascending pyramids

A

lighter weights are used to start the workout, and they get progressively higher with subsequent sets

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62
Q

asthma

A

a respiratory condition marked by spasms in the bronchi of the lungs, causing difficulty in breathing

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63
Q

atherosclerosis

A

the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in the artery walls

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64
Q

ATP / CP Energy athway

A

the anaerobic energy system that provides rapid energy using creatine phosphate to generate ATP

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65
Q

atrioventricular node

A

the nerve node between the right atrium and right ventricle that propagates the electrical signal from the SA node to more distal heart nerves that cause ventricular contraction

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66
Q

atrioventricular valves

A

valves between the atria and ventricles preventing the backward flow of blood during cardiac contractions

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67
Q

atrium

A

one of the two upper cavities of the heart passing blood to the ventricles

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68
Q

atrophy

A

the wasting away or loss of muscle tissue

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69
Q

auditory cortex

A

the region of the temporal lobe responsible for hearing

70
Q

autogenic inhibition

A

the decrease in excitability of a contracting or stretched muscle arising from the golgi tendon organ

71
Q

autonomic nervous

A

the part of the nervous system responsible for involuntary functions and movement

72
Q

autonomy

A

the need for self-governance and control over one’s own behaviors

73
Q

axial skeleton

A

the bones of the head, trunk and vertebrae

74
Q

axis

A

point of rotation around which a lever moves

75
Q

axon

A

the thin tail-like structure of a neuron that generates and conducts nerve impulses

76
Q

balance

A

an even distribution of weight enabling someone or something to maintain its center of gravity within a base of support

77
Q

balance training

A

exercises to strengthen the stabilizer muscles and prime movers of the core and legs to improve dynamic stability

78
Q

ballistic stretching

A

uses the momentum of the body or limb to move it through and beyond a normal range of motion. This technique uses bobbing, bouncing, pulsing or jerking to achieve a stretch

79
Q

base of support

A

the area beneath an object of person that includes every point of contact that the object or person make with the supporting surface

80
Q

beta-alanine

A

a nonessential amino acid that is naturally produced by the body

81
Q

beta blocker

A

one of the most widely prescribed classes of drugs to treat hypertension

82
Q

bile

A

a bitter greenish-brown alkaline fluid aiding digestion, secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder

83
Q

bioavailability

A

the amount of a substance that enters the circulation when introduced into the body and is effective

84
Q

bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)

A

a method for body composition measurement using a weak electrical current to measure the resistance of body tissues

85
Q

biological valve

A

the percentage of protein used by the body

86
Q

biomechanics

A

the study of the mechanical laws governing movement of living organisms

87
Q

bipedal locomotion

A

a form of locomotion in which a person moves from one place to another using the legs

88
Q

bipennate muscle

A

muscle fibers extending from both sides of a central tendon

89
Q

block periodization

A

highly concentrated, specialized workloads focused on achieving maximum adaptation

90
Q

blood pressure

A

the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries during the two phases of the cardiac cycle

91
Q

blood viscosity

A

the thickness and stickiness of blood and how it affects its flow through the blood vesselsl

92
Q

blood volume

A

the total volume of blood within the circulatory system of an individual

93
Q

body composition

A

the physical makeup of the body considering fat mass and lean mass

94
Q

body density

A

the compactness of the body determined by dividing its mass by its volume

95
Q

body language

A

communication of a nonverbal form with gestures or body movement

96
Q

body mass index

A

a predictive health measure of weight divided by height squared

97
Q

body weight exercises

A

movements performed with no additional load other than what the exerciser’s body provideso

98
Q

bone marrow

A

the soft, spongelike tissue in the center of most bone containing stem cells or red or white blood cells or platelets

99
Q

botanical

A

substance obtained from a plant and used as an additive

100
Q

brain stem

A

the trunk of the brain, consisting of the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain that continues downward to form the spinal cord

101
Q

branched-chain amino acids

A

a group of three essential amino acids that help the body build muscle and decrease muscle fatigue

102
Q

branding

A

a name, logo, or symbol that identifies and differentiates a product from other products

103
Q

calories

A

the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water by 1 C at a pressure of 1 atmosphere

104
Q

capillaries

A

fine branching blood vessels forming a network between the arterioles and venules, where transport of nutrients and oxygen or carbon dioxide occurs on a microscopic scale

105
Q

cancellous bones

A

the meshwork of spongy tissue of mature adult bone, typically found at the core of vertebral bones and the ends of the long bones

105
Q

cardiac muscle

A

striated involuntary muscle tissue found in the heart

105
Q

cartilage

A

firm, flexible connective tissue that pads and protects joints and structural components of the body

105
Q

cardiac arrest

A

an electrical malfunction of the heart that causes irregular heartbeat

105
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

moderately movable joints made of fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage

105
Q

cardiac cycle

A

the action of the heart from the start of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next

105
Q

cardiometabolic

A

a combination of metabolic dysfunctions mainly characterized by insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, hypertension and central adiposity

105
Q

cardiac output

A

the amount of blood pumped through the heart per minute

105
Q

catabolic

A

metabolic activity involving the breakdown of molecules

105
Q

cardiovascular endurance

A

the measure of the cardiovascular system’s ability to perform over an extended period

106
Q

catecholamines

A

hormones released by the adrenal glands into the blood as a result of stress

107
Q

cell body

A

the core and central structure of a neuron containing a nucleus and other specialized organelles that aid in nervous system function

108
Q

cell proliferation

A

the process by which a cell grows and divides to produce new cellsc

109
Q

cells

A

the building blocks of all living organisms

110
Q

center of gravity

A

the hypothetical position in the body where the combined mass appears to be concentrated and the point around which gravity appears to act

111
Q

central nervous system

A

the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord

112
Q

cerebellum

A

the region of the brain responsible for conscious motor coordination

113
Q

cerebral cortex

A

the part of the brain where most neural integration occurs

114
Q

cerebrum

A

the uppermost and largest part of the brain consisting of a left and right hemisphere; responsible for receiving and processing sensory information and controlling the body

115
Q

chronic disease

A

a condition lasting a year or more that limits daily activities and/or require ongoing medical attention

116
Q

chronic injury

A

refers to an injury, illness or disease that develops slowly and is persistent and long-lasting

117
Q

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

A

a lung characterized by chronic obstruction of lung airflow that interferes with normal breathing and is not fully reversible

118
Q

chyme

A

a pulpy, acidic fluid that moves from the stomach to the small intestines containing partially digested food and gastric juices

119
Q

circuit training

A

body training that combines endurance, resistance, high-intensity interval, and aerobic training

120
Q

circular muscle

A

muscle fibers surrounding an opening in the body

121
Q

circulatory system

A

a closed system circulating blood through the body consisting of the heart, blood vessels, and blood

122
Q

closed kinetic chain movement

A

a movement keeping the distal end of the body segment in action fixed

123
Q

closed system

A

a physical system that does not allow for the movement of matter into or out of the systemc

124
Q

closed-packed joint position

A

the most stable joint position, when the connective tissue it taut and neighboring bones have the most contact

125
Q

cognitive functioning

A

an intellectual process by which one becomes aware of, perceives or comprehends ideas

126
Q

comorbidities

A

the simultaneous presence of two chronic disease or conditions in a person

127
Q

compact bone

A

a denser material, also known as cortical bone, making up the hard structure of the skeleton

128
Q

competence

A

the basic need to feel a sense of mastery and operate effectively within the environemnt

129
Q

competency

A

the ability to do something successfully or efficiently

130
Q

complete protein

A

a food source containing all nine essential amino acids the body needs

131
Q

compound exercises

A

multi-joint exercises that require the use of multiple muscles or muscle groups

132
Q

compression force

A

the force to two surfaces pressing toward one another

133
Q

concentric muscle action

A

when the length of a muscle shortens as tension is produced

134
Q

concurrent training

A

including both cardiorespiratory exercise and resistance training into a fitness program

135
Q

congenital

A

relating to a disease or physical abnormality present from birth

136
Q

connective tissue

A

tissues that support, connect or bind other tissues or organs

137
Q

contract-relax- antagonist contract stretching

A

contracting an antagonist muscle before stretching the agonist

138
Q

contract-relax stretching

A

contracting a given muscle before stretching the same muscle

139
Q

contraindictions

A

factors that serve as a reason to withhold training because of harm that it may cause

140
Q

contralateral loading

A

loading the body on the opposite side of the work being executed

141
Q

convergent muscle

A

muscle fibers converging from a broad origin to a single tendon of insertion

142
Q

cooldown

A

gradually slowing the body after activity to return to homeostasis or close to homeostasis

143
Q

core training

A

refers to strengthening the musculature of the abdominals, back and lower body that directly influence the lumbopelvic hip complex

144
Q

coronary artery disease

A

the narrowing or blockage of coronary arteries

145
Q

corrective exercise

A

exercise programming used to improve function through assessing and improving muscle imbalances

146
Q

corticosteroids

A

a group of natural and synthetic steroid hormones produced by the pituitary gland

147
Q

cortisol

A

a catabolic hormone released in response to physical and emotional stress

148
Q

countermovement

A

a movement or other action made in opposition to another action

149
Q

cranial nerves

A

the 12 sensory and motor nerves extending directly from the brain

150
Q

creatine

A

an organic compound that aids in the recycling of ATP in the energy systems

151
Q

creatine monohydrate

A

an organic compound that increases phosphocreatine levels and adenosine triphosphate energy production leading to enhanced strength and power

152
Q

creatine phosphate

A

a high-energy molecule stored in skeletal muscle, the myocardium and the brain

153
Q

cross training

A

the action of training or practice in two or more sports or types of exercise to improve fitness or performance in one’s main sport

154
Q

cyclic activities

A

activities that use the same movement in repetition

155
Q

cytoplasm

A

the viscous fluid inside a living cell excluding the nucleus

156
Q

daily calorie expenditure

A

the total number of calories an individual expends including their resting metabolic rate, activity level factor and the thermic effect of food

157
Q

daily value

A

reference amounts expressed in grams, milligrams or microgram of nutrients to consumer or not to exceed each day

158
Q

deceleration

A

a special type of acceleration where a person or object is slowing down

159
Q

decussation

A

the point of crossover or the nervous system in vertebraes located between the medulla oblongata and the spinal cord

160
Q

dehydration

A

a harmful loss or removal or water in the body

161
Q
A

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