CPS Nutrition Flashcards
Which of the following is true of how to introduce solids and complementary foods?
a) should be introduced starting at 4 months of age
b) should start with meats, meat alternatives and iron fortified cereals
c) solids can be delayed to 7 months at parents discretion with no consequences
d) formula is often helpful to helpful to help optimize the growth of healthy babies
b) true to help decrease chance of iron deficiency anemia
start at 6 months of age or a few weeks before, delaying it too much increases the risk of iron deficiency anemia, don’t need formula, WHO guide
to be ready: sit up, better head control, lean forward, turn away when full, pick up food
meats and iron fortified cereal should be the first foods introduced, need to mush up the meats
advantage of breastfeeding:
- better cognitive development
- decreased GI infections
- acute OM, respiratory infections, SIDS
- protect against obesity later in life
breastfed infants need 400 units of vitamin D daily
health care professionals should ensure they tell families the unequalled benefit of breastfeeding, the personal, social and economic cost of not breastfeeding and the difficulty to reverse the decision not to breastfeed
can help with selection of formula and how to prepare etc in cases where families choose not to breastfeed
introducing solids too early decreases the duration of breastfeeding
Which of the following is a reasonable reason to discontinue breastfeeding?
a) managing colic symptoms
b) improvement of reflux
c) during an episode of gastroenteritis with mild dehydration
d) galactosemia
d) galactosemia is a contradindication
the others are:
- herpes on both breasts
-untreated infectious TB
-severe illness that prevents her from caring for infant
-in Canada HIV since formula feeding is safe
- *can continue with hepB (no documented transmission), hepC from cracking nipples is a possibility
- illicit drugs, some radioactive meds and antimetabolites are unsafe so if no alternatives found might need to stop
colic -
some studies have shown reduction in symptoms when mothers have hypoallergenic diet, but small studies, not super convincing evidence
severe colic - 1-2 week trial of cow milk free diet is a good idea, with support from a dietician
currently some theories that gut microflora leads to development of colic, studies in place about probiotics inconclusive so far
gastro - good to rehydrate with breastmilk, shown to decrease the severity, length of rotavirus
Which of the following is not a reasonable recommendation for a mother who chooses not to breastfeed?
a) use cow based commercially available infant formula
b) use soy based commercially available infant formula for infants with galactosemia
c) use goat’s milk for lactose intolerant infants
d) feed the baby pumped milk if there is no contraindication to breastfeeding
c) goat’s milk not acceptable (good paediatrics paper March 15,2010)
- disadvantages/risks include:
- folate deficiency (megaloblastic anemia), breastmilk has much more folate
- metabolic acidosis, hypernatremic dehydration, azotemia leading to severe CNS pathology, kidneys can’t handle the solute load
- unpasteurized infection risk - Q fever, toxo, brucellosis, HUS (from E coli )157)
Which of the following is an appropriate weight gain for a baby age 0-3 months?
a) 0.3-0.8 kg/month
b) 0.6-1.4 kg/month
c) 0.8-1.8 kg/month
d) 1.2-1.6 kg/month
b) is the answer
from 3-6 months 0.3-0.8 kg/month
Which of the following infants is not at risk of iron deficiency in the first 6 months of life?
a) breastfed ex 36 week premature infant weighing 3.1 kg
b) breastfed infant of a diabetic mother
c) breastfed infant of a mother who consumed significant alcohol during pregnancy
d) breastfed infant of a mother with iron deficiency
e) infant fed homemade formulas of evaporated milk or cow milk
a) infants weighing less that 3 kg may need
the others at higher risk of iron deficiency, more studies being done to determine what the approach should be
general consensus s that infants don’t need extra iron in 1st 6 months of life, but some evidence now that certain babies at increased risk of iron deficiency
smoking can decrease milk production and impact growth, but benefits of breastfeeding mean that should continue to breastfeed even if smoking, try to smoke outside as much as possible
alcohol - sleep effects, impact taste of milk, neurocognitive impact with heavy drinking
single poor moms least likely to breastfeed, less likely to give vitamin D
Which of the following is false of soy based formulas?
a) have isoflavone concentrations roughly 13000x-22000x the serum estradiol concentrations
b) lead to a daily intake of 4-11 mg/kg of phytoestrogens for infants consuming soy based formulas
c) animal studies have shown that they can lead to infertility, abnormal brain and sex organ development, cancer and immune function problems
d) may lead to abnormal thyroid function in healthy infants
e) should not be used in premature infants
d) false - only in infants with congenital hypothyroidism, need to monitor thyroxine levels closely in these infants
isoflavone is the phytoestrogen most commonly found in soy based formulas (include genistein, dadzein, glycetein)
the rest true
risk that these estradiols will affect body functions affected by estradiol
likely inactivated during absorption process (animal studies - most are already inactive anyways (94%) 0-3% of phytoestrogens in active form based on animal studies)
a) vs 50-200x for cow milk formulas
b)compared to 1mg/kg for traditional japanese diet
c) true -
human retrospective study - no difference in cancer risk, reproductive maturity or general health
no difference between men
women had slightly increased asthma/allergy and longer menses; not biologically significant; no overt toxicities observed so far
e true - does not optimally promote growth of premature infants, shouldn’t be used for them
overall - no overt harms have been proven potential risks a concern, no discernible benefits
should only be used for galactosemia or children who culturally/religious can’t have dairy (before at one point 20% were using)
Which of the following is the best formula choice for a child with IgE mediated CMPA?
a) hydrolysed casein formula
b) soy formula
c) goat’s milk based formula
d) amino acid based formula
a) such as neonate or nutramigen is the best choice
based on recommendations; however, people often choose soy because cheaper and tastes better
if not tolerated, amino acid based formula is the next best choice (i.e. puramino)
**if you can satisfactorily rule out non IgE CMPA then only can consider soy
soy based formula contraindicated for non IgE mediated CMPA since there is a lot of cross reactivity for soy in these kids
ESPHGAN: soy formula should not be used in less than 6 months old, lots of adverse reactions in this population, >6 months should establish tolerance to soy with challenge test first
gold standard for CMPA diagnosis is double blind, placebo controlled food challenge, hard to do; IgE mediated(i.e. anaphylaxis) vs non IgE mediated (i.e. blood in the stool) - hard to tell the difference ,likely a spectrum of diagnosis , therefore for CMPA then should do hydrolyzed formula
CMPA less likely in breastfed babies
Which of the following is not a criteria for the diagnosis of colic?
a) paroxysms of crying that start and stop without an obvious cause
b) episodes of crying last at least 3 hours per day and occur at least 3 times a week for at least 1 week
c) age > 3 months
d) no failure to thrive
c) not a criteria, age
Which of the following is true?
a) bottle fed infants are more likely to get colic
b) hypoallergenic diet in breastfeeding mothers may reduce colic symptoms based on some research studies
c) partially hydrolysed formula in formula fed babies may reduce colic symptoms based on research studies
d) soy formula does not reduce symptoms of colic
b) true
- hypoallergenic diet - in breastfed
- one study - removed cow’s milk, reduced colic, when reintroduced colic came back
- 2nd study - hypoallergenic diet - no milk, egg, wheat or nuts, colic reduced by 39%
- 3rd study - hypoallergenic diet - Absolute risk reduction of 37%
the rest are false
a) false- a crossover study didn’t find any difference between bottle and breastfed infants in terms of prevalence of colic
b) partially hydrolysed formula (i.e. gentalese) are not hypoallergenic do not decrease colic due to cow’s milk intolerance, need extensively hydrolyzed formula (i.e. neonate) to treat colic, these taste yucky and are expensive
evidence
- one RCT, hydrolyzed casein formula reduced colic , in another hydrolyzed whey formula reduced colic
- another study, amino acid formula reduced crying time
-bovine Ig increased crying time
d) false - studies show that colic symptoms improved - duration of crying with soy formula; however, because it is a frequent allergen in infancy (i.e. cross reacts), should not use to treat CMPA, should only use for galactosemia or babies with cultural/religious reasons for not having milk products
Which of the following is not a reasonable treatment for colic?
a) 2 week trial of Neocate formula
b) 2 week trial hypoallergenic diet for breastfeeding mothers
c) 2 week trial of amino acid based formula
d) lactase treatment
d)
lactase treatment
overall limited evidence in the studies that it makes a significant difference, therefore not recommended for the treatment of colic
congenital lactase deficiency is rare
if no change to diet interventions then stop them, also ensure that there is good nutritional support (vitamin D, calcium, calories) when doing them
one study showed that probiotics (lactobacillus) vs simethicone may have a significant effect on decreasing colic symptoms
more studies are needed to assess the role of probiotics in the treatment of colic
overall, not a tone of great studies, dietary interventions reduce colic in a small minority of infants, vast majority shouldn’t change the diet
**remember that partially hydrolyzed does not work
Which of the following kids is receiving the correct supplemental fluoride treatment?
a) 3 month old who lives in an area with < 0.3 ppm fluoride not receiving any supplementation
c) is the answer
supplemental fluoride only from age of 6 months and only if following conditions:
- fluoride in drinking water < 0.3 ppm
- don’t brush teeth (or have them brushed) by guardian 2x daily
- susceptibility to cavities (based on genetics, local patterns etc)
doses (see chart)
0.3ppm none
3 years - 6 years: 0.3 ppm none
> 6 years: 1 mg daily, > 0.3 ppm none
should always dilute fluoride drops and put on teeth
in absence of adequate fluoride exposure,
Which of the following is false of fluorosis in Canada?
a) most likely in children
b) highest risk is between 15-24 months of age (secondary teeth? i think they mean the second batch of primary teeth)
80-90% are are minimal, others can be more severe
balance between cavities and fluorosis, decline between 0-0.7, no additional benefit beyond this
if natural concentration is less than 0.3 ppm then need to add fluoride to the water
Which of the following is not true of topical fluoride ?
a) increases the chance of fluorosis more than ingested fluoride and also does a better job of preventing cavities
b) inhibits plaque
c) inhibits demineralization
d) enhances remineralization of enamel
a) false - ingested fluoride increases the chance of fluorosis more, but doesn’t have much effect on caries; alters the deposition of mineral in enamel formation; topical is the best way to prevent cavities
stages of enamel formation
- In the secretory stage, a protein matrix is laid down and mineral deposition begins. In the transition stage, protein is removed and replaced. In the maturation stage, protein is 95% replaced and mineralization is complete. fluoride interferes with transition and maturation stage this effect of fluoride results in interference with crystal deposition, altered cell modulation and delayed maturation of bone
dental caries - bacteria eats the sugar on tooth, feeds it an makes acid which dissolves the tooth
putting the surface ; coating surface of tooth in 1ppm causes dramatic decrease in enamel solubility
the rest are true
makes the teeth less soluble to acid
toothpastes that are labelled as such contain 0.5 mg of fluoride; pea sized portion is 0.4 mg, full portion 1.0 mg, if swallowed, could get too much fluoride and lead to fluorosis
should state fluoride in all foods/drinks etc
Which of the following was not found in a Cochrane review of donor breast milk?
a) reduction of NEC in donor milk which was nutrient fortified
b) decreased growth in the breast fed babies
c) using human donor breastmilk with human based fortifier reduces NEC by 63% in extremely preterm infants
d) false - 92% for surgical NEC; I believe this is part of the Cochrane review also
more studies needed; compared to human milk with standard bovine fortifierNICU - shorter stay, less nec, less colonization by pathogens with expressed breast milk; better neurodevelopment outcomes (although hard to study/control)
7% of children born preterm - mom may not be able to provide milk, far away, stress etc.
Cochrane review - reduction in NEC in donor milk fed babies (compared to formula fed); only 8 studies, different feeding practices though so breast fed infants showed less weight gain
Which of the following is not necessary to do in the donor milk process?
a) screen serology of donor for infections including HIV, hepB and hepC and HTLV serological testing and physician consent
b) obtain verbal parental consent prior to giving it
c) screening interview the donor
d) collect, store and pasteurize milk as per the Canadian Food Inspection Agency Guidelines
b) no documented case of disease transmission but never absolute, make sure you have documented WRITTEN consent
no higher risk of allergy than formula feeding
the other steps are needed
treat as human body substance
all human milk banks in N.A. governed by human milk bank association of north america
need medical director and a governing board
also need WRITTEN prescription prior to giving it
Which of the following is true ?
a) mothers who drink regularly can donate
b) mothers who smoke can donate
c) mothers who require over the counter medications are permanently excluded from donating
d) repeat serological testing of donors every 6 months
e) only very low birth weight babies qualify for donor milk
d) is true
the others (based on the BC website, now also a bank in Toronto (wasn't there when statement made) drinking - occasionally - need to wait 12 hours smoking can't donate, meds - occasional OTC usually can donate after done, but some they can't (i.e. domperidone)
how the milk is made - batched from 4 mothers, milk thawed, bacterial culture is taken, then pasteurized and recaptured. if positive for 104 cFU/ml skin flora before pasteurization or any growth after pasteurization it is discarded; again frozen then when needed it is dispensed and thawed
the rest false -
e) very low birth weight and certain GI surgeries/conditions at discretion of health care team; also has benefits/uses in other places for malabsorption/feeding intolerance, immunodeficiency
Which of the following is not inactivated by Holder pasteurization of donor milk?
a) CMV
b) hepatitis B
c) Bacillus
d) staphylococcus aureus
c) Bacillus, a spore forming organism, no inactivated by Holder pasteurization of donor milk
unlike cow milk, it is a rare contaminant of human milk, and is detectable by cultures before and after
inactivates most bacteria (looking at studies, most common bacteria including strep, enterococcus and staph are inactivated) and ALL viruses
Which of the following is not significantly altered by the pasteurization of human donor milk?
a) IgG
b) fat soluble vitamins
c) IgA
d) lactoferrin
e) lysosyme
b) fat soluble vitamins
not affected: carbs, fats, salts 13% of protein content is denatured fat soluble vitamins unchanged water soluble vitamins not studied - some shown to degrade after pasteurization
affected:
IGA - (which binds microbes in GI tract) 67% of original activity
IgG antibodies 66%
IgM completely removed
lactoferrin - binds iron in bacteria to reduce growth - reduced
lysozymes - attack bacterial cell walls reduced to 75%
certain cytokines - leads to increased epidermal growth factor, increased proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells
cost effectiveness - likely there is, if any reduction whatsoever in sick NICU NEC babies
should tell parents all the advantages of human breast milk, benefits/risks
Which of the following is not a step of the baby friendly initiative ?
a) encourage breastfeeding on a strict schedule
b) no use of pacifiers or artificial nipples
c) practice rooming in
d) show moms how to breastfeed and maintain lactation even when they are separated from their infants
a) false - breastfeed on demand
the rest are steps
also need written policy, should initiate breastfeeding within 30 minutes
train HCP in breastfeeding and educated mothers about benefits of breastfeeding, have breast-feeding support groups
only 12hospitals and 25 Community health centers in Canada have the designation - most in Quebec (has a provincial strategy)
BFI - need to follow 10 steps for 80 percent of women
incorporate as many of these as possible for women who cannot breastfeed; no food or drink other than breastmilk
there is an international code of marketing of breastfeeding substitutes
should have provincial strategy and data collection
Which of the following is true?
a) eastern provinces in Canada have the highest breastfeeding practices
b) the majority of Canadian women continue to breastfeed until 6 months
c) Baby Friendly Initiative measures have been shown to significantly increase the duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding
d) PKU is an absolute contraindication to breastfeeding
e) breastfeeding should be stopped for physiological and breastmilk jaundice
c) true
Cuba - 25%-72%
China - 29-72%
American Study - even when implemented 5/10 measures - 68% breastfed at 16 weeks compared to 52% of mothers who didn’t
the rest false
a) false - eastern provinces lowest, BC and Yukon are the highest
b) false - high initiation rates (90%) but only a few persist till 6 months (estimate 14-24%)
d) false - used to be seen as such but not breastfeeding is thought to complement low phenylalanine formula with monitoring of phenylalanine levels
contraindications
- HIV in Canada
- cytotoxic chemo during treatment
- radioactive isotopes or radiation treatment - temporarily suspend breastfeeding during treatment course
- classic galactosemia
e) should not
Which of the following is an indication to stop breastfeeding?
a) gastroenteritis with campylobacter
b) mastitis with frank pus
c) latent TB
d) herpes lesions on both breasts
d) is an indication, don’t feed until the lesions have crusted over
usually continue breastfeeding cause the baby is usually colonized with mom’s flora already anyways and stopping breastfeeding removes the protection that comes from mom’s antibodies
the others -
mastitis - organisms include staph aureus, strep, e coli; rarely salmonella, mycobacterium,candida, cryptococcus - if frank pus, pump from affected and feed from the other breast until it is healed
gastro (including salmonella, e coli, shigella, campylobacter) - wash hands well
for active TB - wait until mom has received 2 weeks of treatment, and give prophylaxis to the baby (since airborne)
Which of the following infections does not require the baby to receive immunoglobulin?
a) hepatitis C
b) varicella
c) hepatitis A
d) hepatitis B
a) hep C does not require
can continue breastfeeding for all the others
varicella - for perinatal varicella, give VZIG
for postnatal varicella consider VZIG
hep A- give immunoglobulin
hepB - vaccine and Ig at birth
CMV - there is a risk of transmission via breastmilk, but term infants have a maternal transferred antibody so no biggie, for perms<32 weeks, more controversial, recent studies say should be fine and to keep breastfeeding
