CPR

Question 1

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

Answer 1

CPR is a combination of chest compressions and breaths, and provides critical blood flow and oxygen to the heart and brain. If CPR is started within three to five (3-5) minutes of collapse, it increases a victim’s chance of survival and reduces the chance of permanent damage.

Question 2

rule number one

Answer 2

1. Your safety is first, so leave the scene if you are at risk.

Question 3

PPE includes

Answer 3

Gloves, Goggles (eye protection) Gown, Lab Coat or Apron, Shoe Covers, Face Shields / Masks, and Cap

3. Use disposable gloves to avoid direct contact with blood / bodily fluids.

Question 4

When preparing to perform CPR, keep in mind ECC’s Chain of Survival. These are the five crucial steps that should be performed in an emergency:

Answer 4

Early recognition and activation of EMS
Early CPR with an emphasis on compressions
Rapid defibrillation
Early advanced care
Organized post care

Question 5

ECC and AHA 2010 updates changed the CPR sequence from A-B-C to C-A-B.

Answer 5

C” for Compressions
Rate of compressions: You should give at least 100 to 120 compressions
per minute in cycles (or sets) of 30 compressions and 2 breaths (30:2).
Depth of compressions: detailed in following chapters for adult, child and infant.
Chest recoil is vital after each compression.
2. “A” for Airway
Open the airway with the head-tilt chin-lift motion.
3. “B” for Breathing
2 rescue breaths

Question 6

he primary interim changes to CPR during COVID-19 times

Answer 6

PPE should be put on before conducting CPR.

For Adults:
·> Perform at least hands-only CPR after a cardiac arrest event has been identified
·> A face mask or a cloth that covers the mouth and nose of the rescuer and/or victim may reduce the risk of COVID-19 transmission to a non-household bystander
For Children:
·> Perform chest compressions and consider mouth-to-mouth ventilation
·> A face mask or cloth that covers the mouth and nose of the rescuer and/or victim may reduce the risk of COVID-19 transmission to a non-household bystander.

Question 7

2015 Chest Compression Update

Answer 7

Per the 2015 updates, you should deliver at least 100 to 120 chest compressions per minute (previous rate was 100 compressions / minute). Recent science indicates that more compressions lead to a higher survival rate. This new update sets an upper limit for the chest compression rate, as excessive compressions and depth can adversely affect a patient’s outcome

Question 8

2014 Hands-Only CPR

Answer 8

he Hands-Only CPR method is recommended for use on teens or adults that you witness suddenly collapse. This is CPR without the rescue breaths.

You would need to:

1. Call 9-1-1 and stay on the phone with the dispatcher as you
2. Push hard and fast to give chest compressions. This method is also effective for individuals who have been trained in CPR before but may not remember all the steps of conventional CPR.

*The Good Samaritan Law is intended to reduce bystanders’ hesitation to assist in an emergency.

Question 9

Before beginning CPR, follow these initial steps:

Answer 9

1. **Check the scene for your safety and prepare to use any personal protective equipment that may be accessible.
2. Check to see if the patient is breathing. Tap and shout, “Are you okay?” to see if victim is responsive. If unresponsive, continue with steps below.
   Occasional gasps, or agonal respirations, are not normal breathing.
3. Activate EMS by calling 9-1-1 or send someone to call 9-1-1 if available. Get an AED if available.
4. Check the victim’s pulse. Don’t take more than 10 seconds to check for the pulse. Begin CPR if you cannot locate or are unsure of a pulse.
   For an adult and child check the carotid artery located in the neck. For an infant’s pulse check the brachial artery, which is located on the inside of the upper arm

Question 10

Chest Compression Steps for an Adult:

Answer 10

*Note: For CPR emergencies, an adult is anyone who is going through or gone through puberty.

1. Place yourself at the victim’s side.
2. Ensure that the victim is lying on his back on a firm, flat surface
   If unconscious and face down, roll the victim face-up while supporting the head, neck and back.
3. Immediately remove clothes from the chest.
4. Form the correct hand position for chest compressions:
   Place the heel of your hand on the breastbone, between the nipples.
   Place the other hand on top of the first hand and interlace the fingers.
   Keep the fingers off the chest.
   To form the correct body position for CPR: kneel down, and keep your arms straight above the chest and your shoulders above your hands. Lock your elbows.
5. Compress / push down hard and fast at least 2 inches, but no more than 2.4 inches deep, at a rate of at least 100 to 120 compressions per minute.
6. Make sure the chest rises back up completely after each compression.

Question 11

Rescuer Technique – When a second rescuer is available to help:

Answer 11

Let the second rescuer activate the Emergency Response System (call 9-1-1) and get the AED.
2.
The first rescuer should stay with the victim and be prepared to remove clothes from the chest and start CPR.
3.
When both rescuers are present with the victim, they should take turns doing chest compressions; switching approximately every 2 minutes. The rescuers should remind each other to push down at least 2 inches but no more than 2.4 inches deep, and watch for proper chest recoil.

Question 12

items you’ll need in a first aid kit

Answer 12

Gauze pads (at least 4 x 4 inches).

2. Two large gauze pads (at least 8 x 10 inches).
3. Box adhesive bandages (band-aids).
4. One package gauze roller bandage at least 2 inches wide.
5. Two triangular bandages.
6. Wound cleaning agent such as sealed moistened towelettes.
7. Scissors.
8. At least one blanket.
9. Tweezers.
10. Adhesive tape.
11. Latex gloves.
12. Resuscitation equipment such as resuscitation bag, airway, or pocket mask.
13. Two elastic wraps.
14. Splint.
15. Directions for requesting emergency assistance

Question 13

remembering the goal

Answer 13

Recognize when help is needed and how to get it. Learn how and when to access the Emergency Medical Services (EMS) system, ie., 911, activate the emergency response plan, and to contact the Poison Control Center (1-800-222-1222).

The faster you retrieve advanced care for the patient the higher the survival rates. If you’re alone and in harm’s way, then provide basic care before leaving (if possible) and activate EMS.

Question 14

Open Chest Wounds

Answer 14

Open Chest Wounds may be left open. Dress the wound (with a sterile pad, wrap, etc.) and apply direct pressure to stop the bleeding. Extreme care is required so the dressing doesn’t become saturated with blood, which can inadvertently become occlusive. Dress appropriately and modify the procedure when it is needed.

Question 15

On victim’s with Open Chest Wounds a higher value is placed on the avoidance of providing dressings

Answer 15

The life-threatening risk is to cause tension pneumothorax inadvertently when compared with other risks associated with an Open Chest Wound.

Question 16

Dressing Open Chest Wounds:

Answer 16

First, activate the Emergency Response System. Check to see if there’s more than one open wound (for more than one wound determine if dressing will be applied). Remember, the dressing should only be applied if there is rapid blood loss. Remove clothing (leave stuck clothing). Cut dressing but make sure it’s larger than the wound. Seal the wound to prevent the loss of blood (apply pressure if needed). Never remove objects from the wound.

Question 17

Punctured Wounds

Answer 17

can be severe. It’s very dangerous if the wound gets infected. If the wound has excessive bleeding, make sure to call 911. Remember, if the patient falls unconscious or is non-responsive without a pulse make sure to call 911 and perform CPR.

Question 18

Treatment:

Answer 18

. Stop the bleeding.

2. Apply thorough pressure (seek EMS attention if bleeding is excessive.
3. Clean the wound thoroughly with water and soap (stay clear of the injury itself).
4. Apply an ointment such as Neosporin.
5. Provide a pain reliever such as Advil.
6. (Re) wrap the wound to keep the wound from infection.
7. Seek medical attention at the nearest hospital if the injury worsens.
8. Have the patient get a Tetanus or Tetanus Booster shot.

Question 19

Amputations. There are several steps to follow when treating amputations.

Answer 19

Treatment:

1. Always practice universal precautions.
2. Call 911 immediately.
3. If the patient isn’t breathing, perform CPR.
4. Apply direct pressure. Make sure to raise the injured area. Use a tourniquet or tight bandage, if needed.
5. If possible clean the amputated part and make sure to keep it with the patient.
6. Wrap the part in a cloth and put it in a plastic sealed bag inside of ice water.
7. If the amputated part is below the heart, make sure to raise the legs 12 inches above the heart.
8. Watch for any signs of shock.

Question 20

Cuts & Scrapes.

Answer 20

. Stop the bleeding.

2. Apply thorough pressure (seek EMS attention if bleeding is excessive or cut is deeper than 1/4 inch).
3. Thoroughly clean the cut/scrape with water and soap (stay clear of the injury itself).
4. Apply an ointment such as Neosporin.
5. Provide a pain reliever such as Advil.
6. (Re) wrap the injury to keep it from infection.
7. Seek medical attention at the nearest hospital if the injury worsens.
8. Have the patient get a Tetanus or Tetanus Booster shot.

Question 21

Cardiopulmonary Arrest

Answer 21

(Cardiac Arrest) is the ineffective contractions of the heart causing a cessation of blood circulation throughout the body. The end of circulated blood will result in the patient falling unconscious due to a lack of oxygen. If Cardiac Arrest patients are left untreated brain damage and even death, is very likely. An immediate response is crucial in saving the life of a Cardiac Arrest patient. It’s critical to perform CPR immediately.

Question 22

A Heart Attack

Answer 22

is when the heart isn’t receiving oxygenated blood. When a patient isn’t receiving oxygenated blood, the heart begins to die. The patient might undergo pain in the center of the chest, sweating, nausea, dizziness, and faintness. Also, pain throughout the body in areas such as neck, shoulders, jaw, teeth and arms.

Treatment: check universal precautions, call 911 immediately or rush the patient to the nearest hospital, have the patient chew aspirin (unless allergic or told otherwise). If the patient is unconscious or unresponsive, perform CPR.

Question 23

Chest Pain

Answer 23

For patients with Chest Pain the provider may encourage the patient to chew one adult or 2 low-does aspirins (if signs suggest the patient has myocardial infarction and if the patient doesn’t have allergies to aspirin). If the provider is unsure or uncomfortable with such administration of aspirin, then the patient can be referred to EMS.

Question 24

Respiratory Arrest

Answer 24

is the cessation of oxygen throughout the body. Failure of the lungs to deliver oxygen can result in death if untreated. A lack of oxygen to the brain will cause a loss of consciousness, and immediate treatment is essential for the chances of survival. Artificial ventilation treatment is the necessary act for saving respiratory arrest patients. Make sure to call 911 immediately and then, perform CPR.

Question 25

A Fracture

Answer 25

can be very severe. It’s important to understand Fractures and understand what to do according to the severity of the injury. If there are any signs of a concussion, broken bones in the neck, head or back, deformed joints, no pulse, heavy bleeding, any abnormalities of the broken bone such as a piercing of the skin, irregularly fixed, call 911 immediately and perform CPR, if required.
Treatment: Make sure to stop the bleeding by applying pressure to the Fracture and wrapping it if necessary. Apply a splint to the Fractured area. If the patient isn’t moving, do not try and move the patient yourself. If needed, apply a cold cloth or ice to the fracture.

Remember: if the patient appears to be light-headed or on the verge of fainting lift the legs slightly higher than the victim’s heart to raise the blood pressure.

Question 26

Dental Avulsion

Answer 26

For lack of skill and required training to re-implant an avulsed tooth it may be beneficial to store the tooth in solution. Storing the tooth in solution prolongs the viability of dental cells. Such solution, which has shown efficacy: Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution. Cell viability: 30-120 minutes.

Question 27

Bruises

Answer 27

Bruises are broken blood vessels that leak under the skin—dark spots caused by a blow, fall, etc.Treatment: Make sure to elevate the injured area which will alleviate the pain. Also, apply an ice pack or cold cloth. If needed, have the patient take a pain reliever such as Tylenol to reduce the pain and swelling. If the Bruise appeared on the head or if the bruise lasts longer than two weeks consider taking the patient to the hospital.

Question 28

Sprains & Strains

Answer 28

differ in where the injury takes place on the body. Sprains occur in any ligaments, such as ankles, wrists, etc. Strains result from a torn muscle or tendon. Strains can arise in the back (hamstring) or thigh, etc.

Treatment: Rest the Sprained/Strained area in a sling, crutch or flint. Make sure to place ice over the area to prevent swelling and limit the application to 20 minutes unless the patient is irritated - limit 10 minutes. Make sure to apply a bandage to the joint or limb or use a brace, if possible. Make sure to raise the patient’s Sprained/Strained part 12 inches above the heart.

Question 29

Burns

Answer 29

vary on the degree of which layer the burn reaches. Remember, there are three standard categories— 1st-degree, 2nd-degree, and 3rd-degree.

Question 30

1st-degree Burns have persistent pain, are red, and usually are accompanied by swelling.

Answer 30

Treatment:

1. Keep the burn cool (wrap the burn with a cold cloth or soak the wound in a bath.
2. Apply ointment such as Aloe Vera.
3. Wrap the wound with gauze (keep from infection). Replace, once a day.
4. Administer a pain reliever such as Advil.

Question 31

2nd-degree Burns

Answer 31

refer to the burn breaching the 1st layer of skin and reaching the 2nd. Usually, there will be blisters accompanied by severe pain and swelling.refer to the burn breaching the 1st layer of skin and reaching the 2nd. Usually, there will be blisters accompanied by severe pain and swelling.

Treatment: if the burn is larger than 3 inches, seek medical attention at your nearest hospital. If the burn is smaller than 3 inches, treat it as you would a 1st-degree burn.

Question 32

3rd-degree Burns

Answer 32

s are the worst of all. These burns will be charred and can be deeper than the 3rd layer of the skin. Medical attention is much needed, and you should call 911 immediately. 3rd-degree burn patients usually won’t feel much pain due to the charring of nerve-endings.

Treatment:

1. Call 911 or rush the patient to the nearest hospital.
2. Perform CPR, if needed.
3. Do not remove the patient’s clothing.
4. Raise the burn injury above the patient’s heart (increase blood pressure).
5. Cover the injuries in a cold, moist cloth (material).

Remember, never add anything frozen to cool of a burn. Placing ice on the injury can cause tissue ischemia. Cool burns with clean cold water for at least 10 minutes. If water isn’t available than a clean, cool compress can be used as a substitute.

If needed (when evaluated by the provider), activate EMS immediately if:

1. Blistering or broken skin.
2. Difficulty breathing.
3. Face, neck, hands, or genitals.
4. A larger surface area, such as trunk or extremities.
5. Or, other causes of concern.

Question 33

Electroshock’s

Answer 33

can cause no harm, mild harm or severe harm.

Treatment:

1. Call 911 if the patient underwent any serious injuries.
2. Perform CPR, if needed.
3. Turn off the power source.
4. Make sure the patient is free of all electrical currents before touching the patient.
5. Move patient away from the power supply (use non-conductive materials if possible.
6. If needed, raise the patient’s legs above his/her heart to increase blood pressure.

Question 34

Many Bites & Stings have mild reactions; however, some bites and stings can have serious consequences, if untreated. Most stings aren’t fatal, but few insects do carry life-threatening viruses and diseases, such as West Nile Virus, Zika Virus or Lyme Disease. If severe reactions (anaphylaxis) are present, these are some symptoms you should look for: lowered blood pressure, abdominal pain, difficulty breathing, swelling, redness, vomiting, and nausea.

Answer 34

Mild reactions: Use universal precautions, remove the stinger, apply a cold pack, give the patient a pain reliever, and use ointment, such as Benadryl, or any antihistamine, if necessary. Mild allergic reactions are diarrhea, swelling, cramps, nausea, and vomiting.

Severe reactions: Difficulty breathing, swelling (lips, throat, etc.), nausea, vomiting, hives, rapid heartbeat and faintness and dizziness.

Treatment: Administer an auto-injection into the patient (in the butt or thigh and massage injection for faster response). Perform CPR, if needed. Have the patient lay on his/her side to prevent choking, if necessary.

Question 35

A Drug Overdose

Answer 35

is a dose larger than the recommended assumption. Many reactions can occur, such as sleepiness or unconsciousness, excitement with a rapid heartbeat, hallucinations, impaired judgment and decision-making skills. Symptoms: death, unconsciousness, convulsions, delusional behavior, abnormal pupil size, difficulty breathing, nausea, non-reactive pupils, vomiting, sweating, numbness and violently aggressive behavior.

Treatment: Check universal precautions. Check if there’s a pulse, if not, perform CPR. Keep the patient calm and reassured of his/her safety. Check for any shock symptoms. For seizures and convulsions apply first-aid. Monitor vital signs. Make sure to document any and all drugs taken and keep the container and label.

Question 36

If a Poisoning is suspected, make sure to call the National Capital Poison Center at 1-800-222-1222. Signs of Poisoning: vomiting, difficulty breathing, sleepiness, confusion, burns (redness) around the mouth, chemical odors out from the mouth and burns on clothing or skin. For poison-ingestion do not administer anything by mouth unless advised to do so by the PCC or EMS personnel.

Answer 36

Treatment: Make sure to take the patient outside for fresh air. Have the patient flush out his/her mouth. Make sure to read the label of the chemicals that were induced and read the instructions for poisoning. Flush the patient’s eyes and have the skin cleansed. If the patient isn’t breathing, perform CPR. Make sure to provide EMS personnel with the label if the patient needs medical attention.

Question 37

A Hemorrhage is a loss of blood. There are four classes of Hemorrhages.

1. Loss of 15% blood volume. No change in vital signs.
2. Loss of 15-30% blood volume. Blood transfusion isn’t usually necessary, but may need Saline solution (salt water). Rapid heart beat.
3. Loss of 30-40% blood volume. Blood transfusions are necessary. Drop in blood pressure with rapid heart beat.
4. Loss of 40% blood volume. Resuscitation is necessary for death prevention.

Answer 37

Treatment: Check for universal precautions. Perform CPR, if necessary. Wrap hemorrhage, if possible. Call 911 or bring the patient to the nearest hospital.

Question 38

Nosebleeds

Answer 38

are very common. Whether it’s a hot day or a minor fall nosebleeds are not a serious medical problem.

Treatment: If the nosebleed results from a more serious injury such as a broken nose or a head injury, make sure to call 911. If the patient falls unconscious or is non-responsive without a pulse, perform CPR. If the nosebleed occurs to be a serious injury make sure to apply pressure for roughly ten minutes—make sure to have the patient breathe through his/her mouth. After applying pressure, make sure to clear the patient’s nose cavity. If the patient is congested, thoroughly wash the cavity or use a decongestant after the patient has tried blowing his/her nose.

Question 39

Hypoglycemia

Answer 39

Symptoms: Anxiety, fatigue, heart palpitations, hunger, irritability, pale skin, shakiness, sweating, and tingling sensation around the mouth (may vary from person-to-person).

As it worsens - symptoms worsen, abnormal behavior, blurred vision, confusion state of mind, seizures, unable to perform routine tasks and unconsciousness.

Treatment: For symptomatic hypoglycemia provide a rapid clinical relief with oral glucose tablets. If glucose tablets aren’t available, provide other foods and liquids containing sugars such as fructose, sucrose, and oligonucleotides. Such foods can effectively reverse mild symptomatic hypoglycemia.

Question 40

Choking

Answer 40

is caused when an object is blocking the throat or windpipe. Adults often choke by large pieces of food, however, children often swallow small toys or other objects.

Question 41

Infants 12 months or younger:

Answer 41

rest the patient on your forearm (face-down), while also resting your forearm, on your thigh. Perform 5 thumps with the heel of your hand upon the infants back. If the patient is still choking turn the infant over, face-up, and with 2 fingers upon the breastplate perform 5 chest compressions. Repeat the process until the object is dislodged
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Question 42

Children and Adults:

Answer 42

when performing the Heimlich maneuver make sure to stand behind the person. Lean the person slightly forward and wrap your arms around his/her waist. Next, press hard with a closed fist into the abdomen than grab your fist with your other hand. Perform 5 quick thrusts. If the object still hasn’t cleared the patient’s throat/windpipe, repeat the cycle.

Question 43

Unconscious Person

Answer 43

when performing the Heimlich maneuver on an unconscious person lay the patient on his/her back. Make sure to clear the patient’s airway, if needed, finger swipe the patient’s mouth to pick out any foreign objects. If you can’t see or can’t take the object out of the patient’s mouth, make sure to perform CPR. Chest compressions will most likely clear the patient’s airway.

If you’re still unable to clear the patient’s airway and/or if the patient still isn’t showing signs of life, make sure to call 911 and continue performing chest compressions.

Question 44

Hypothermia

Answer 44

is when the body temperature is below 95 F. Hypothermia occurs when the body loses heat faster than the body can produce energy. Hypothermia often occurs when the body is immersed in cold water. If the patient is left untreated the nervous system will not be able to work properly which will result in organ damage and possibly death.

Question 45

hypothermia

Answer 45

Treatment: Make sure to remove the patient’s wet clothing and replace it with something warm and dry. Make sure to perform rescue breaths if the patient is unconscious. If rescue breaths aren’t accessible make sure to perform chest compressions. If possible, give the patient a warm beverage and a warm, dry compress (hot water in a bag to hold or cover the patient with). Do NOT apply direct heat.

Question 46

Exertional Dehydration

Answer 46

usually dehydration occurs with vigorous exercise in hot and humid environments. Dehydration occurs when you lose fluids more than you take in. If loss fluids aren’t replaced dehydration will occur.

Question 47

Exertional Dehydration

Answer 47

Treatment: Have patient orally re-hydrate with carbohydrate-electrolyte (CE) drinks. Ingestion of fluids: 5-8% will facilitate hydration. Other drinks: coconut water and 2% milk. Alternatively, if drink aren’t available then potable water may be used.

Severe Dehydration Treatment: If the patient is severely dehydrated or is in a life-threatening situation activate the EMS. EMS will be able to provide an Intravenous hydration that consists of essential nutrients.

Question 48

Black Eye: is caused by broken blood vessels (or, bleeding beneath the skin) around the eye. Hyphema is when there is bleeding inside the eye (blood in the front chamber of the eye or the cornea).

Answer 48

Treatment: make sure to apply a cold pack or ice pack to reduce the swelling of the patient’s injured eye. If blood is visible, in the eye, seek medical attention at the nearest hospital. If the patient has any vision problems or any blood leakage from the eye, seek medical attention immediately.

Question 49

Foreign Objects

Answer 49

in the eye can be very severe, and proper aid is necessary.

Treatment: make sure your hands are clean. Make sure to pull the lower lid down while having the patient look up and vice versa in the opposite direction. Clean the patient’s eye with saline solution or water. Make sure to call 911 or take the patient to the nearest hospital if you’re unable to remove the object if it’s embedded, if there are any abnormalities, or if there’s persistent pain.

Question 50

Chemical Splash: can cause extreme pain, mild pain, and no pain.

Answer 50

Treatment: make sure to have the patient run his/her eyes under lukewarm water for at least 20 minutes. Remove contact lenses, if needed. Call 911 or bring the patient to the nearest hospital if experiencing persistent pain. Make sure to have the patient take the bottle or the label with the name of the chemical to the hospital (for medical determinations).

Question 51

Concussions are severe. Make sure to call 911 if the patient has:

Answer 51

1. Vomited more than once
2. Unequal pupils
3. Having/had a seizure
4. Unable to balance
5. Slurred speech
6. Neck and/or spinal pain
7. Very drowsy
8. Has Weakness on one side of the body

Evaluate the patient who suffered a head injury by checking for concussion symptoms and change in consciousness. This test should occur as soon as possible.

Question 52

concussions

Answer 52

Treatment: make sure to have the patient stop the activity. Allow the patient to rest. To prevent swelling and worsening of injury apply ice wrapped in a washcloth. Treat pain with over-the-counter acetaminophen (Tylenol), aspirin or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin). Note: it may make bruising worse. Monitor Symptoms and if any symptom is on the list above make sure to call 911 or EMS immediately. Perform CPR if needed.

Question 53

Head Injuries usually result in minor bruises or bumps; however, some head injuries can be very severe and even fatal.

Answer 53

Call 911 immediately if:

1. The patient has had a seizure
2. Slurs while speaking
3. Patient’s pupils are unequal in size
4. Inabilities in the usage of body parts or motor skills
5. Loss of balance (make sure to tell the patient to sit down)
6. Confusion
7. Discoloration in the face
8. A severe headache
9. Severe bleeding from the head, nose, ears or face

Do Not attempt to remove any articles off of the patient and unless necessary, do not move the patient. Cover the wound if blood is immense; however, do not apply any pressure for any head injuries (lightly cover the wound). Call 911 and perform CPR if the patient is without a pulse and unconscious or non-responsive.

Question 54

Spinal Injuries

Answer 54

re very dangerous. If any suspicion, whatsoever, of a spinal injury, do not move the patient. If the patient has had a head injury, back pain, has any numbness or lacks control of limbs, bladder or bowels—suspect a spinal injury.

Treatment: call 911. Make sure to keep the patient from moving. Perform CPR, if needed. If there isn’t a pulse, make sure to perform chest compressions. Do not remove any items from the patient. If the patient is vomiting or is bleeding from the mouth or nose, turn the patient on his/her side only if there are two responders—making sure to move the patient following each responders movement.

It’s not recommended to use a cervical collar. There is no real evidence of a benefit for cervical collars. Have the patient remain as still as possible until EMS arrives.

Question 55

A Shock can occur for many reasons. Some reasons are poisoning, burns, blood loss, heat stroke, trauma and any other serious medical accident. When a patient is Shocked, it can lead to a loss of oxygenated blood to vital organs which, if untreated, can lead to organ damage or possibly death. Signs of Shock: cold and clammy skin, unconsciousness or poor responsiveness, dilated pupils and nausea.

Answer 55

Treatment: If the patient is unconscious call 911 immediately then perform CPR—if the patient is a child or infant perform CPR for 2 minutes and then call 911. Make sure to lay the patient down with his/her feet 12 inches above the heart. Check for C-A-B’s. You may need to put the patient on his/her side to prevent choking. Make sure to check for other injuries.

Question 56

When a Seizure occurs, these are signs to look for: dizziness or faintness, uncontrolled bowel movement, breathing difficulties, unconsciousness or unresponsiveness, arching of the back, clenching of things—such as teeth. If a patient is ever unconscious or unresponsive, make sure to perform CPR and to call 911. Some causes of Seizures are head injuries, fevers, brain damage, poisoning, cessation of oxygen to the brain and diabetes.

Answer 56

Treatment: check universal precautions, remove any life-threatening objects, loosen clothing, and make sure to call 911 and respond with appropriate orders. Make sure NOT to restrain the patient unless the patient is going to be hurt or is going to hurt someone.

Question 57

A Stroke occurs when there is a ruptured/blocked blood vessel in the brain. The brain begins deteriorating when it has a cessation of oxygen. If the patient falls unconscious or is unresponsive, call 911 and perform CPR immediately. It is recommended for first-aid providers to use a stroke assessment system. A System such as Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale (CPSS) is a simple tool when assessing a stroke patient. CPSS Stroke Scale:

Answer 57

Facial Droop
To check: ask patient to smile
Normal: patient’s cheeks move equally on both sides
Abnormal: patient’s face moves unequally on both sides

Arm Drift:
To check: have patient raise arms at shoulder length for 10 seconds
Normal: both arms equally move together (another condition might occur: pronator drift)
Abnormal: arms fail to respond equally

Speech To check: ask patient a question
Normal: patient does not slur and answers correctly
Abnormal: patient is mute, using abnormal words and/or slurring

If 1 out of the three examinations occurs there is a 72% probability of a stroke.

Risk factors: high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, smoking and having had a prior stroke.
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