CPN Flashcards
All interventions are based on the following principles:
- All interventions are FAMILY-CENTERED, treating the child and family as a unit.
- The goal is to help the child and family unit attain, maintain, or regain optimal health.
- Nursing interventions are guided by both the child’s chronologic age and level of development (physical and mental). 4. Health and development are affected by environment and heredity.
Growth implies…
an increase in size, but does not necessarily include development.
Development describes…
the maturation of structures, and includes growth.
Growth and development progress in 3 ways…
- From head to toe (cephalocaudally) 2. From the trunk to the tips of the extremities (proximodistally). 3. From the general to the specific (for example, progressing from crawling, to walking, to skipping).
Growth: INFANCY
(Birth to 12-15 months) A period of rapid growth in which the head grows faster than other tissues.
Growth: TODDLER-PRESCHOOL AGE
(12 - 15 months to 5 years) A period of slow growth in which the trunk grows faster.
Growth: SCHOOL AGE
(5 - 12 years) A period of slow growth, in which the limbs grow fastest.
Growth: ADOLESCENCE
(13 - 20 years) A period of rapid growth for the trunk, including the gonads and associated tissues.
Developments is assessed by using a combination of…
-Parent history -Gross assessment by a professional
Erickson theory of development of…
personality (psychosocial)
Piaget theory of development of…
cognition
Kohlberg theory of development of…
morality
Erickson, Piaget, and Kohlberg’s theories make up…
Different components of development.
Erickson stages: INFANCY
(0-12/18 months) Trust vs Mistrust -TRUST is essential for development of a healthy personality and is fostered by consistent and loving care from a consistent, caring figure. Consistency allows the infant to predict responses. -MISTRUST is promoted when trist-promoting experiences are not present and when basic needs are inconsistently or inadequately met.
In Erickson’s theory each stage…
has a CORE CONFLICT to be resolved by individuals and an outcome goal for a healthy personality development.
Erickson stages: TODDLERHOOD
(1-3 years) Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt AUTONOMY is fostered through the freedom and encouragement to master new things and become independant related to himself/herself and the environment. SHAME and DOUBT are promoted when over dependency is fostered where independence is possible; the child is made to feel self-conscious, or his/her independent decisions have negative consequences.
Erickson stages: EARLY CHILDHOOD
(3 - 6 years) Initiative vs Guilt The conscience develops here when recognizes the guidance of not only outsiders but also an “inner voice”. The focus is maintaining a sense of initiative. without impinging on the rights and privileges of others or developing an overwhelming sense of guilt.
Erickson stages: MIDDLE CHILDHOOD
(6 - 12 years) Industry vs Inferiority The focus here is on achievement. Competition and cooperation with others is an important component of this stage; learning rules is also important. This stage is marked by social relationships. Inferiority or inadequacy occurs when a child is unable to meet others’ expectations or if he/she feels that external standards are too high.
Erickson stages: ADOLESCENCE
(12 - 19 years) Identity vs Role Confusion The child’s body is rapidly changing. He/she becomes concerned with others’ opinions as compared with his/her own sense of self-concept. Identification of roles and integration of own values with society are key issues. An important milestone includes decision making regarding a future occupation. Inability to resolve these conflicts results in role confusion.
Piaget stages: Birth - 2 years
Sensorimotor Intellectual development occurs through the child’s interaction with the environment. Progression is from reflexive behavior to simple, repetitive behavior, to imitative behavior. A sense of time and space develops with routines, and a sense of cause and effect develops. Object permanence is eventually recognized here, and language development begins to occur.
Piaget stages: 2 - 7 years
Preoperational (Preconceptual = 2-4; Intuitive = 4-7 years) Egocentrism is the primary element of cognitive development. The child is unable to see things from any perspective other than his/her own. Thinking is magical, concrete
