CPE 2 Flashcards
What is Research?
Research is something people undertake in order to find out things in a systematic way, thereby increasing their knowledge.
Characteristics of Good Research
- Research is Empirical - It uses facts and data that are obtained through a thorough investigation.
- Research is Analytical -The researcher carefully analyzes and interprets the gathered data before arriving at a conclusion.
- Research is Systematic - It follows a certain method or procedure in order to obtain objective results.
- Research is Cyclical - It begins with a problem and ends with the resolution or tentative answers to the problem to complete the cycle. This only means that every step in the research process is vital to the success of the research.
- Research is Original - It is expected that any research output is a product of novel ideas and shows originality.
Research Process
a. Define your topic - Your chosen topic will directly affect the research process.
b. Write your problem statement - This is the statement that describes what is to be tested during the entire research process or the general problem or question that the research aims to answer.
c. Make an outline - The outline serves as the first draft of your paper.
d. Develop a research strategy - This minimizes the time and effort you will be putting on your paper and will serve as a guide.
e. Evaluate your sources - You may do this by considering the authority (author and
publisher), currency (date of publication), and purpose (intention of the author) of the
material.
f. Write and revise your paper - Check the contents of your paper.
g. Document your sources - This shows whether the ideas or information are
taken from another source or from the author himself or herself.
ETHICS IN RESEARCH 1. HONESTY.
Strive for honesty in all
scientific communications.
Honestly report data, results,
methods and procedures, and
publication status. Do not
fabricate, falsify, or
misrepresent data.
ETHICS IN RESEARCH 2. Objectivity
Strive to avoid bias in
experimental design, data
analysis, data interpretation,
peer review, personnel
decisions, grant writing,
expert testimony, and other
aspects of research where
objectivity is expected or
required. Avoid or minimize
bias or self-deception.
ETHICS IN RESEARCH INTEGRITY
Keep your promises and
agreements; act with
sincerity; strive for
consistency of thought
and action.
ETHICS IN RESEARCH 4. CAREFULNESS.
Avoid careless errors and
negligence; carefully and
critically examine your own
work. Keep good records of
research activities such as data
collection, research design, and
correspondence with agencies.
ETHICS IN RESEARCH 5. Openness.
Share data, results,
ideas, tools,
resources. Be open
to criticism and
new ideas.
ETHICS IN RESEARCH 6. Respect for Intellectual Property.
Honor patents, copyrights, and other
forms of intellectual property. Do not
use unpublished data, methods, or
results without permission. Give
credit where credit is due. Give
proper acknowledgement or credit
for all contributions to research.
Never plagiarize.
ETHICS IN RESEARCH 7. Confidentiality.
Pro confidential
communications and
personal information
of your respondents,
if any.
ETHICS IN RESEARCH 8. Social Responsibility
Strive to promote social
good and prevent or
mitigate social harms
through research, public
education, and advocacy.
- ETHICS IN RESEARCH Competence
Maintain and improve your
own professional
competence and expertise
through lifelong education
and learning.
ETHICS IN RESEARCH 10. Legality.
Know and obey
relevant laws and
institutional and
governmental
policies.
ETHICS IN RESEARCH 11. Animal Care
Show proper respect and
care for animals when
using them in research.
Do not conduct
unnecessary or poorly
designed animal
experiments.
ETHICS IN RESEARCH 12. Human Subjects Protection
When conducting research on human
subjects, minimize harms and risks
and maximize benefits; respect
human dignity, privacy, and
autonomy, take special precautions
with vulnerable populations, and
strive to distribute the benefits and
burdens of research fairly.