CPE 2

Question 1

Sustainable Development

Answer 1

development that meets the needs of the
present, without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs

Question 2

3 Important Principles of Sustainability:

Answer 2

Environmental Integrity : - refers to maintaining the state of the
environment
Economic Efficiency :- refers to prudence in decision-making regarding
the use of resources to ensure that there is
minimum to zero waste
Equity :- demands that we use our natural resources in
such a manner that these are conserved so the
next generation will be able to use them

Question 3

Environmental ethics

Answer 3

• the discipline in philosophy that studies the
  moral relationship of human beings to, and also
  the value and moral status of, the environment
  and its non-human contents.

Question 4

Value

Answer 4

• Something has intrinsic value if it has inherent
  worth.
• Something has instrumental value if something
  is considered as a means towards achieving a
  certain end.

Question 5

Biocentrism egalitarianism

Answer 5

• a theory which calls for
  respect for nature as its central moral attitude.

Question 6

Ecocentrism: The Land Ethic

Answer 6

• an ethics which enlarges
  the human person’s attitude toward nature.

Question 7

VIEWS ON THE ATTRIBUTION OF
MORAL CONSIDERATION:
Anthropocentrism :
Panthocentrism :
Biocentrism :
Ecocentrism :

Answer 7

Anthropocentrism : - is the belief that human beings are
the most important entity in the universe.
Panthocentrism : - assumes that all life is of the same
origin and thus related. Therefore, all living beings have
the capacity to experience pain.
(Greek: pathos = suffering, pain)
Biocentrism : - ethical perspective holding that all life
deserves equal moral consideration or has equal moral
standing.
Ecocentrism :- is a philosophy or perspective that places
intrinsic value on all living organisms and their natural
environment, regardless of their perceived usefulness
or importance to human beings. Aldo Leopold: “That land is a community is the basic concept of ecology, but that land is to be loved and respected is an extension of ethics”

Question 8

THEORIES IN RADICAL ECOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHY

Deep ecology:

Answer 8

environmental philosophy and social
movement based in the belief that humans must
radically change their relationship to nature from one
that values nature solely for its usefulness to human
beings to one that recognizes that nature has an
inherent value. Arnae Ness, founder of Deep Ecology: “Each living being is understood as a goal in itself, in principle on an equal footing with one’s own ego.”

Question 9

THEORIES IN RADICAL ECOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHY
social ecology

Answer 9

Founded by activist Murray Bookchin, social ecology
traces the causes of environmental degradation to the
existence of unjust, hierarchical relationships in human
society. “Until human beings cease to live in societies that are structured around hierarchies as well as economic classes, we shall never be free of domination”

Question 10

THEORIES IN RADICAL ECOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHY
Ecofeminism:

Answer 10

branch of feminism that examines the
connections between women and nature. Mary Wollstonecraft, A Feminist Philosopher During Renaissance and Age Of Reason Writer Of “A Vindication Of The Rights Of
Women”. : “I do not wish them (women) to have power over men, but over themselves”
Ynestra King, Ecofeminist Theories, Author Of “The Ecology of
Feminism and The Feminism of Ecology”: “the human species in its patriarchal form is the only species which holds a conscious belief that it is entitled to dominion, over the species and over the planet”

Question 11

Existentialism

Answer 11

• is a philosophical movement known for its
  inquiry on human existence.
• It asserts that to understand man’s nature, one
  must go beyond the claims of biology, physics,
  and psychology that man is a substance with
  fixed properties or subjects interacting in the
  world of objects.

Question 12

Determinism

Answer 12

• the world is governed by (or is under the sway
  of) determinism if and only if, given a specified
  way things are at a time, the way things go
  thereafter is fixed as a matter of natural law.
• It has a direct implication on humans.
• Human action is an event that was caused by
  something implies that free choice is
  impossible.

Question 13

Causal Determinism

Answer 13

• undermines free will if past events will be
  revealed as the cause of future actions and not
  really chosen by the person as a free agent.

Question 14

Physical Determinism

Answer 14

• claims that the body as a physical entity is
  determined by a set of determinate conditions.

As Sartre said “the concept of determinism
undercuts the human action of choosing because an
action always has one possible outcome.

Question 15

The Act of Making a Choice

Answer 15

• involves evaluating the reasons and giving weight
  to reasons. One alternative is chosen because the
  reasons behind such alternative have more weight
  than others.

Question 16

Theory of Values
Intrinsic Value

Answer 16

• The value it has itself apart from or
  independent of its consequences.
• If it is applied to the alternatives, you choose
  this alternative by the weight you give to the
  alternative because the alternative itself is
  valuable it its own right.

Question 17

Theory of Values
Instrumental Value

Answer 17

• The function and measure of the intrinsic value
  that it leads to.
  Example: Your decision to study or go out with your
  friends depends on two things:
  (1) The intrinsic worth of the alternative you will
  choose.

(2) The weight of the consequences of the
alternative you will choose.

This suggests that the weight you assign to
each alternative or choice may be a
combination of the intrinsic value and
instrumental value of each alternatives or
choices.

Question 18

Theory of Values
Originative Value

Answer 18

• It may be a newly values or newly instrumental
  values.
• You may have all three kinds of values
  combined –intrinsic, instrumental, and
  originative.
• A person with an originative value can make a
  difference in this world.

Question 19

Theory of Values
Contributory Value

Answer 19

• Focuses on the value contribution that a human
  action effects.
• Most human beings want their actions to have
  contributory values.
• This helps in differentiating the existing case
  without the factors effected by the contributory
  value if it did exist.

Question 20

INTERSUBJECTIVITY

Answer 20

• interchange of thoughts and feelings, both
  conscious and unconscious, between two
  persons or “subjects,” as facilitated by empathy.

Question 21

MARTIN BUBER

Answer 21

He is a Jewish existentialist philosopher.
* He was born in Vienna and was brought up in
the Jewish tradition.
* In his work I and Thou (Ich and Du) in 1923, he
conceived the human person in his wholeness,
totality, concrete existence, and relatedness to
the world.

Question 22

POPE JOHN PAUL II OR KAROL WOJTYLA

Answer 22

• He addressed the challenges facing religion,
  utilizing mass media to transform spiritual
  consciousness.
• Born in Wadowice, Poland, he was elected to
  the papacy on October 16, 1978 (264th pope)
  and was considered a great pope during his
  lifetime.

Question 23

MARTIN BUBER AND POPE JOHN PAUL II

Answer 23

Both philosophers were influenced by their
religious roots and experiences.
They believe in the notion of concrete
experience/existence of the human person
They also thought that one must not lose sight
of one’s self in concrete experience. Both
refused to regard the human person as a
composite of dimensions, such as animality
and rationality.
For Wojtyla, the social dimension is represented
by We relations.
For Buber, the interpersonal is signified by I-You
relations.
The social refers to the life of a group bound
together by common experiences and reactions.
The interhuman refers to the life between and
among persons: it refers to the interpersonal, that
is, a life of dialogue.

Question 24

Dialogue

Answer 24

• It is a deep and genuine relationship between
  persons.
• It happens when two persons truly
  acknowledge each other’s presence and treat
  each other as equals

Question 25

OBSTACLE TO
DIALOGUE

Answer 25

Seeming: (pretending to impress others)
CONTRASTED WITH
Being (self- acceptance)

Speechifying: (hearing without listening)
CONTRASTED WITH
Personal making present: (opening oneself)

Imposition: (telling others how they should behave/act)
CONTRASTED WITH
Unfolding: (seeing other as unique, singular individual)

Question 26

Tendencies that make dialogue and personal making present difficult

Answer 26

Analytic Thinking: When we break person into parts
Reductive thinking: When we reduce the richness of a person to a schema and/or a concept.
Derivational thinking: When we derive the person from a mixed formula.