CPE 2 Flashcards
Sustainable Development
development that meets the needs of the
present, without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs
3 Important Principles of Sustainability:
Environmental Integrity : - refers to maintaining the state of the
environment
Economic Efficiency :- refers to prudence in decision-making regarding
the use of resources to ensure that there is
minimum to zero waste
Equity :- demands that we use our natural resources in
such a manner that these are conserved so the
next generation will be able to use them
Environmental ethics
- the discipline in philosophy that studies the
moral relationship of human beings to, and also
the value and moral status of, the environment
and its non-human contents.
Value
- Something has intrinsic value if it has inherent
worth. - Something has instrumental value if something
is considered as a means towards achieving a
certain end.
Biocentrism egalitarianism
- a theory which calls for
respect for nature as its central moral attitude.
Ecocentrism: The Land Ethic
- an ethics which enlarges
the human person’s attitude toward nature.
VIEWS ON THE ATTRIBUTION OF
MORAL CONSIDERATION:
Anthropocentrism :
Panthocentrism :
Biocentrism :
Ecocentrism :
Anthropocentrism : - is the belief that human beings are
the most important entity in the universe.
Panthocentrism : - assumes that all life is of the same
origin and thus related. Therefore, all living beings have
the capacity to experience pain.
(Greek: pathos = suffering, pain)
Biocentrism : - ethical perspective holding that all life
deserves equal moral consideration or has equal moral
standing.
Ecocentrism :- is a philosophy or perspective that places
intrinsic value on all living organisms and their natural
environment, regardless of their perceived usefulness
or importance to human beings. Aldo Leopold: “That land is a community is the basic concept of ecology, but that land is to be loved and respected is an extension of ethics”
THEORIES IN RADICAL ECOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHY
Deep ecology:
environmental philosophy and social
movement based in the belief that humans must
radically change their relationship to nature from one
that values nature solely for its usefulness to human
beings to one that recognizes that nature has an
inherent value. Arnae Ness, founder of Deep Ecology: “Each living being is understood as a goal in itself, in principle on an equal footing with one’s own ego.”
THEORIES IN RADICAL ECOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHY
social ecology
Founded by activist Murray Bookchin, social ecology
traces the causes of environmental degradation to the
existence of unjust, hierarchical relationships in human
society. “Until human beings cease to live in societies that are structured around hierarchies as well as economic classes, we shall never be free of domination”
THEORIES IN RADICAL ECOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHY
Ecofeminism:
branch of feminism that examines the
connections between women and nature. Mary Wollstonecraft, A Feminist Philosopher During Renaissance and Age Of Reason Writer Of “A Vindication Of The Rights Of
Women”. : “I do not wish them (women) to have power over men, but over themselves”
Ynestra King, Ecofeminist Theories, Author Of “The Ecology of
Feminism and The Feminism of Ecology”: “the human species in its patriarchal form is the only species which holds a conscious belief that it is entitled to dominion, over the species and over the planet”
Existentialism
- is a philosophical movement known for its
inquiry on human existence. - It asserts that to understand man’s nature, one
must go beyond the claims of biology, physics,
and psychology that man is a substance with
fixed properties or subjects interacting in the
world of objects.
Determinism
- the world is governed by (or is under the sway
of) determinism if and only if, given a specified
way things are at a time, the way things go
thereafter is fixed as a matter of natural law. - It has a direct implication on humans.
- Human action is an event that was caused by
something implies that free choice is
impossible.
Causal Determinism
- undermines free will if past events will be
revealed as the cause of future actions and not
really chosen by the person as a free agent.
Physical Determinism
- claims that the body as a physical entity is
determined by a set of determinate conditions.
As Sartre said “the concept of determinism
undercuts the human action of choosing because an
action always has one possible outcome.
The Act of Making a Choice
- involves evaluating the reasons and giving weight
to reasons. One alternative is chosen because the
reasons behind such alternative have more weight
than others.
Theory of Values
Intrinsic Value
- The value it has itself apart from or
independent of its consequences. - If it is applied to the alternatives, you choose
this alternative by the weight you give to the
alternative because the alternative itself is
valuable it its own right.
Theory of Values
Instrumental Value
- The function and measure of the intrinsic value
that it leads to.
Example: Your decision to study or go out with your
friends depends on two things:
(1) The intrinsic worth of the alternative you will
choose.
(2) The weight of the consequences of the
alternative you will choose.
This suggests that the weight you assign to
each alternative or choice may be a
combination of the intrinsic value and
instrumental value of each alternatives or
choices.
Theory of Values
Originative Value
- It may be a newly values or newly instrumental
values. - You may have all three kinds of values
combined –intrinsic, instrumental, and
originative. - A person with an originative value can make a
difference in this world.
Theory of Values
Contributory Value
- Focuses on the value contribution that a human
action effects. - Most human beings want their actions to have
contributory values. - This helps in differentiating the existing case
without the factors effected by the contributory
value if it did exist.
INTERSUBJECTIVITY
- interchange of thoughts and feelings, both
conscious and unconscious, between two
persons or “subjects,” as facilitated by empathy.
MARTIN BUBER
He is a Jewish existentialist philosopher.
* He was born in Vienna and was brought up in
the Jewish tradition.
* In his work I and Thou (Ich and Du) in 1923, he
conceived the human person in his wholeness,
totality, concrete existence, and relatedness to
the world.
POPE JOHN PAUL II OR KAROL WOJTYLA
- He addressed the challenges facing religion,
utilizing mass media to transform spiritual
consciousness. - Born in Wadowice, Poland, he was elected to
the papacy on October 16, 1978 (264th pope)
and was considered a great pope during his
lifetime.
MARTIN BUBER AND POPE JOHN PAUL II
Both philosophers were influenced by their
religious roots and experiences.
They believe in the notion of concrete
experience/existence of the human person
They also thought that one must not lose sight
of one’s self in concrete experience. Both
refused to regard the human person as a
composite of dimensions, such as animality
and rationality.
For Wojtyla, the social dimension is represented
by We relations.
For Buber, the interpersonal is signified by I-You
relations.
The social refers to the life of a group bound
together by common experiences and reactions.
The interhuman refers to the life between and
among persons: it refers to the interpersonal, that
is, a life of dialogue.
Dialogue
- It is a deep and genuine relationship between
persons. - It happens when two persons truly
acknowledge each other’s presence and treat
each other as equals
